Виды общения

Hydraulic jacks capable of handling up to 500 tons of weight are employed to erect heavy equipment and structures to a height of 0.15-0.3 meter.

Ram moves in a cylinder. Piston rises when fluid (mineral oil or antifreeze compound) is forced into the cylinder from chamber by reciprocating pump actuated by a lever. A channel connecting the cylinder with the chamber and stopped by valve is used to lower the piston.

To raise structures weighing thousands of tons several jacks operated by one electrically driven pump are jointed together.

Special hydraulic jacks are used for tensioning reinforcement in manufacturing prestressed reinforced-concrete products.

Rack-and-pinion jacks employed in Russia. can handle from 0.5 to 10 tons, screw jacks from 1 to 20 tons and hydraulic jacks from 3 to 500 tons.

Hoists

A hoist, a simple suspension-type small-size mechanism, is used mainly for assembling machines. There are hand-operated and electric hoists.

The hand-operated hoist is attached by its upper hook above the load and lifts it by its bottom hook. When endless chain is pulled by hand, chain wheel turns worm couple.

The shaft of the worm wheel carries sprocket, which lifts the load by means of roller chain. The suspended load is held at rest by automatic brake with a ratchet gear. When chain is pulled for descent the brake is automatically released, but if the operator leaves hold of chain the load will be again stopped by the brake.

The operation of a traveling electric hoist with a trolley is given here. Via a shaft passing through a freely mounted drum and reduction gear, electric motor rotates rope drum which raises or lowers the load. The load suspended on the hook is held at rest by a normal disk brake. The brake is released by an electric magnet. In addition to this brake there is another brake, applied by the weight of the lifted load. Lever serves to switch off the hoisting mechanism when hook casing reaches its upper limit. The hoisting and traveling electric motors are controlled by push-button switch suspended on a flexible cable.

 

Vocabulary

rack – рейка

lever – рычаг

pump – насос

reciprocating – возвратно-поступательный

valve – клапан

piston – поршень

chamber – камера

cone – конический

clutch – сцепление

to engage – соединять

to disengage – разъединять

band brake – ленточный тормоз

rack and pinion jack – домкрат с механизмом реечной передачи

ram – плунжер

winch – лебёдка

hoist – подъёмник, таль

assembling – сборка

ratchet gear – храповая передача

to release – отпускать, освобождать

trolley – тележка

roller chain – роликовая цепь

reduction gear – передача через редуктор

rest – опора

lever – рычаг

hook casing – кожух крюка

sheave – шкив

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.What is a jack?  2.What jacks do you know? 3. How does a rack-and-pinion jack operate? 4.What is a handling capacity of hydraulic jacks? 5.How does a hydraulic jack operate? 6. Where are jacks used? 7. What is a hoist? 8. What hoists do you know? 9. How does a traveling electric hoist operate?

 

TOWER  CRANES

(Part 1)

 

Tower cranes are of predominant use in construction practice. They are used to lift materials, parts and whole structures onto the buildings being erected, to install separate elements and for loading and unloading operations.

These cranes are classified by:

(a) the load moment: 4, 16, 25, 40, 60, 100, 160 and 250 ton-meters. The load moment is the product of the weight being lifted by the outreach (work arm);

(b) the number of working movements: three movements (hoisting, slewing, traveling), or four movements (the same plus luffing or jibbing).

 

(c) the design of the revolving structure: with an upper or lower revolving head;

(d) the arrangement of the counterweight: at the top or at the bottom.

The tower crane is made up essentially of a support, tower, revolving structure, boom, counterweight and controls.

The support carries the traveling mechanism.

The tower carries the operator's cab and some of the mechanisms. It is designed as a latticed steel framework or is made of large-diameter steel tubes.

The operating members consist of the boom, a hoisting pulley and a load handling attachment, usually a hook. Counterweight compensates for the weight of the boom and part of the weight of the load being lifted by the crane.

 

Vocabulary

to jib - поворачиваться

counterweight - противовес

frame - рама

tapered - конический

to ship - поставлять

inclination - наклон

support - опора

tower - башня

boom - стрела

load handling attachment – грузозахватный орган

hook - крюк

gantry - козлы

 

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where are tower cranes used? 2. What are the cranes used for? 3. What are tower cranes provided with? 4. How are tower cranes classified? 5. What does a tower crane consist of? 6. What is a support of tower cranes like? 7. What does the support carry? 8. What does the tower carry? 9. What are the operating members of tower cranes? 10. What weight does counterweight compensate?

 

TOWER  CRANES

(Part 2)

 

The first group includes cranes with the turntable and the counterweight mounted at the top. The stationary tower is a metal framework consisting of several sections. The rigid support is made in the form of gantry on traveling wheels. When this crane has to be shipped from site to site it is split into separate large units and is then assembled again at the new site. The operator's cab is built into the middle of the tower.

The development of prefabricated reinforced-concrete structures and large-size panels gave a powerful stimulus to the production of new mobile tower cranes with a highly maneuverable boom. The winding gear provides for a horizontal movement of the load as the boom changes its angle of inclination, thus facilitating the placement of the load. The load winch is equipped with a mechanism ensuring that the load is smoothly set at a low speed, an extremely valuable feature in erecting elements of prefabricated structures of buildings and bridges.

In cranes of this group all mechanisms and the counterweight are arranged at the bottom, on the turntable, which revolves together with the tower. This improves the crane stability, and simplifies its assembly and dismantling. The revolving gear takes the form of a ring resting on a supporting frame where it joins the turntable.

The running gear of certain cranes enables them to travel round curves on the runway. This becomes necessary when the crane is used to erect buildings of a complicated configuration.

To facilitate passage round sharp curves provision is made for a third rail laid between the main runway rails, which is bent and rises slightly above them. The crane, provided with a fifth wheel which runs on the third rail, goes round the curve on three wheels. A new and simpler device is a system of wheels mounted on hinge-jointed angle brackets.

Tower and other rotary jib cranes (crawler- and truck-mounted, etc.) should be so designed as to circumvent the hazard of being tipped over by an excessive load or an excessive load moment. Since the weight of the structures that have to be raised at construction sites is difficult to estimate beforehand, automatic devices are used for this purpose. The most widespread device is a load or height stop. With an electric drive, a switch is opened when the stop acts and the electric motor is turned off. The stop is mounted at the end of boom. The end of rope of the pulley system is secured by clamp to rod with calibrated spring.

When the weight of the load exceeds the safe limit the spring will be compressed, the rod and arm will go down, the end of the lever will press on small weight and open the contacts of switch. This will stop the motor of the hoisting mechanism. If the hook casing reaches the upper limit, lug will raise weight and slop the motor.

Sometimes stops of this kind are mounted on tower and other rotary cranes whose outreach changes when the boom is being raised. They automatically change the safe load-lifting capacity while keeping the load moment constant, making it possible to increase the weight of the load at a smaller outreach.

 

Vocabulary

trolley - тележка

slabs - слябы

winding gear - механизм подъёма стрелы

load - груз

winch - лебёдка

to tip over - переворачиваться

drive - привод

running gear - механизм передвижения

runway - подкрановые пути

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many design groups of tower cranes do you know? 2. What cranes does the first group include? 3. What is a stationary tower made of? 4. How can the cranes be shipped from site to site? 5. Where is an operator’s cab? 6. How may the trolley travel? 7. What are the cranes belonging to the second group? 8. What does the crane winding gear provide for? 9. What mechanism is a load winch equipped with? 10. Where are all mechanisms and counterweight arranged? 11. What does the running gear enable crane to do?

 

 

ТЕКСТЫ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ

 

OIL

Petrol stations with their lines of pumps are among the commonest sights along main roads today. Without petrol commerce and industry would soon come to a standstill. Traffic in great cities would stop, and millions of workers be unable to get or from their work. Petroleum is the name of the mineral oil that comes from under the ground and from which petrol is obtained. It is the crude oil that comes from the wells. From this crude oil we obtain the various fuels that drive ships, aircraft, and many forms of land transport.

Oil usually lies thousands of feet below the earth’s surface. There are many ways of discovering this underground oil, but the only way to be certain that it exists is to make a deep hole, called a bore-hole or a well, through the rock, earth and sand. The steel framework over the well is called a derrick. From this the machinery that makes the hole is raised and lowered. Bore-holes are often very deep. Some of them go down to a depth of two miles, or even farther. The diameter may be 24 inches at the top, and as little as 3 or 4 inches at the bottom.

Many oil-fields are hundreds of miles from the sea. As petroleum is needed in all parts of the world and has to be transported across the oceans, it is carried from oilfields to the sea in pipe-lines that may go for very large distances. The crude oil may be stored in the tanks from which ships called oil-tankers carry it to many countries.

Crude oil contains many different materials. From crude oil we obtain petrol, paraffin and other products. In many parts of the world large quantities of natural gas exist where there is petroleum. This gas can be used instead of, or in addition to, the kind of gas made from coal. Natural gas is very common in North America .

Although petrol is the fist word we think of in connection with petroleum, other oils are important. The oil fuel used in Diesel engines is much cheaper than petrol. Kerosene (paraffin oil) is another fuel obtained from petroleum.

Other products obtained from petroleum are used in the manufacture of artificial rubber, asphalt for road surfaces, light machine oil and heavy engine oil.

 

Vocabulary

petrol - бензин                              

petroleum - нефть                         

crude - неочищенный                   

bore-hole - буровая скважина

derrick - буровая вышка

obtain - получать

store - хранить

 

 ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите  текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is a role of petrol in our life? 2.How is petrol obtained? 3.What is petroleum? 4. Where is oil? 5. How can one be certain that oil exists somewhere? 6. What is a derrick?  7. What may a depth of boreholes be? 8. How is petroleum carried from oilfields to the sea? 9. Where may the crude oil be stored? 10. What else may exist together with petroleum?

PETROLEUM ORIGIN AND CONDITIONS OF BEDDING

 

    Studying genetic nature of petroleum may be divided into several stages. The first stage goes back to the Middle Ages. It was a pre-scientific stage. In 1546 Agricola supposed petroleum and bituminous coal to have mineral origin; the latter originated from petroleum’s thickening and hardening.

The second stage is that of scientific guesses. It begins with Lomonosov’s research work named “About Underground” in 1763. Lomonosov stated that petroleum and bituminous coal have one and the same organic origin.

The third stage is connected with an appearance and development of    the petroleum industry. In this stage different hypothesises about the  organic and mineral origin of petroleum were offered.

The fourth stage is marked with geological and geo-chemical researches made to determine the petroleum origin. In 1932 there was published the classical work “Studying about petroleum” by Gubkin. This work played a great role in determining the petroleum origin and forming it’s beds. Then there   was a number of researches that proved a hypothesis about the petroleum organic origin.

Petroleum is in the earth entrails in a form of accumulations. The accumulations have a different volume that may be from several cubic millimeters to several milliard cubic millimeters.

Beds of the petroleum accumulations having a mass of several thousand tons and more are very important for petroleum industry. Petroleum beds in different depths of the earth entrails. These depths may reach 6 – 7 km, although petroleum accumulations turn into gas ones in the depths of 4.5 –5 km. A maximum number of petroleum beds is in the internal of 0.5 – 3 km, and the   greatest beds are in the interval of 0.8 – 2.4 km.

 

 

Vocabulary

beds - залежи    

origin - происхождение   

earth entrails - недра

accumulation - скопление

bituminous coal - каменный уголь

mineral - неорганический

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите  текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many stages were there in  the petroleum studying? 2. When was the first stage? 3. Had the petroleum an organic origin according to Agricola? 4. When did the second stage begin? 5. What origin does petroleum have according to Lomonosov? 6. What is the third stage connected with? 7. What is the fourth stage marked with? 8. Who played an important role in determining the petroleum origin? 9. Where does petroleum lie? 10. What is a volume of petroleum accumulations? 11. In what depths do petroleum beds turn into gas ones?

OIL – FIELD GEOGRATHY

 

There are about 30.000 oil-fields known in the world; 15 – 20 % of them are gas and oil fields. A lot of oil fields are in the offshore sea zones. 5% of the exploited oil fields give about 85% of the world extraction of oil.

Oil-fields are exposed on all the continents (except Antarctica) and on considerable adjoining water areas.

In Russia oil – fields were found at the 19 century in the district of Grozny, in the Krasnodarsky region and the Timano-Pechorsky one and on Sakhalin. In 1941- 1945 there were found and put to exploitation oil-fields in the Volga – Ural district and in the Stavropol territory. Then in 1950-s  one of the greatest oil-field in the world (the West Siberian one ) was exposed.

In 1960-s oil-fields were found in the Near and Middle East, in the North and West of Africa, in the South and East of Asia and in Australia.

The USA has about 13.000 small oil-fields, the greater ones are in  Alaska, Texas and California. Large oil fields are also in the South America and Canada.

In the West Europe there are oil-fields in the area of the North sea ( on shelves of the Great Britain, Norway and Denmark).

 

Vocabulary

oil field - месторождение нефти;   in the area - в районе;

to be exposed - быть обнаруженым;   extraction - добыча;

to put to exploitation - запустить в эксплуатацию

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите  текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many oil fields are there in the world? 2. Where are oil fields exposed? 3. Where are oil fields in Russia? 4. Where are oil fields in the USA? 5. Are there any oil fields in Canada? 6. What countries of the West Europe have oil fields?

PROSPECTOR

 

The aim of the oil prospector is to find out oil districts, estimate them in the geological and economical way and prepare these oil fields for exploitation.

Oil prospector is done with help of geological, geo-physical, geo-chemical and drilling works in a consecutive order.

In Russia oil prospector is divided into two stages. The first stage is searching. The second one is prospecting.

The first stage includes district geological and geophysical works, preparation of the oil areas for a deep searching drilling and oil field search. District works consist in making geological survey, air- magnetic and gravimeter ones, geo-chemical water test, seismic prospector, drilling the bearing and parametric wells.

The aim of the second stage is a preparation of the oil fields for working. The stage consists in determining an oil composition, capacity, oil and gas saturation, physical and chemical properties and a bore -efficiency.

After prospecting industry oil reserves are calculated and then a conclusion about putting the oil fields into exploitation is made.

The aim of the works is to give a quantitative estimation of the oil fields and to determine the first turn districts to go on searching. The main estimation of the prospector is a cost of one ton of the prospected oil.

 

Vocabulary

prospector - разведка                  

exploitation - разработка            

working - разработка                  

reserves - запасы                         

saturation - насыщение

well - буровая скважина

survey - съемка

bearing - опорный

composition - состав

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочитайте и переведите  текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is an aim of the oil prospector? 2. How is the oil prospector done with? 3. How many stages are there in the oil prospector? 4. What works does the first stage include? 5. What do district works consist in? 6. What is an aim of the second stage? 7. What does the second stage consist in? 8. What must be done after prospecting?

OIL OUTPUT

Old ways of the oil output

Development of the oil industry knows 4 ways of extracting oil. Oil industry is too old to remember itself. It ‘s been existing since ancient times.

1. The first known way of extracting oil was that of getting oil from a water surface. This way was used in ancient time in Sicily.

In Russia such an oil extraction was done by Priadunov in 1745. In 1858 on p. Cheleken oil was collected out of water trenches. Water from the lake went away into the trenches. The trenches had a wood block-up that let the water flow only onto the bottom of the trenches and oil appeared on the surface.