Виды общения

2. The teacher asked the students what that word meant.

3. He told me that he would study English in the USA.

 

6. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на причастные  обороты:

1. Being a light metal aluminium is widely used in electric engineering industry.

2. Metals are good conductors of electricity, copper and aluminium being the best.

3. Connecting an ammeter to a circuit one can measure electrical current.

 

Вариант 4

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the population of Great Britain?

2. What region is called “Black Country”?

GREAT  BRITAIN

 

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The area of the UK is 244,000 sq. km and its population is 57 million people.

2. Great Britain has a maritime climate. British winters are mild. Summers are cold and rainy. Fogs often occur in autumn and in winter.

3. Most people live in cities and towns. Great Britain is a country of numerous cities. Birmingham is one of the largest cities in the country. It is well known for its high-quality steels, cars, aircraft, machinery and electrical engineering equipment.

4. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is a great producer of coal and steel. Great Britain has shipbuilding, machine-building, automobile industry, chemicals, textiles and others. The industries are concentrated in the central part of the country. This is the so-called “Black Country”. South-eastern England has less rain, more sun and more fertile soil. This part of the country is an old commercial and agricultural region and is called “Green England” for its fields.

5. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power and can only reign with the support of Parliament. Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме  абзацы 1, 4.

 

3. Найдите герундий и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. We did not know of their going to Great Britain.

2. My friend was proud of being a student of Oxford University.

3. After graduating from university he got an interesting job in Glasgow.

 

4. Выберите требуемую по смыслу  форму глагола и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. If I go to London I (will call, would call) you up.

2. If he had money he (would go, would have gone) to Great Britain.

3. If he (were not busy, had not been busy) last week, he would have attended the conference.

 

5. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на согласование  времен:

 

1. I knew that she had gone to Great Britain two weeks before.

2. We asked her what places of interest she would visit in London.

3. She answered that she was a student of London University.

 

6. Найдите причастные обороты и  переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Being a highly developed industrial country Great Britain exports motor-cars, aircraft, electric apparatus and other items.

2. There are about 1000 monuments inside the Westminster Abbey, commemorating the lives of famous poets and statesmen.

3. There are many rivers in Great Britain, the Severn being the longest in the country.

 

Вариант 5

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the area of Canada?

2. What are the official languages in Canada?

 

CANADA

 

1. Canada occupies a great part of the North American Continent. The area is about 9 million square kilometres and it is the second largest country in the world.

2. Most of Northern Canada has sub arctic and arctic climate. Long cold winters last 8-11 months and summers are very short. But in the South the climate is temperate.

3. There are many lakes in Canada. The biggest of them are the Great Lakes which are on the US-Canada border. Niagara Falls attract a lot of tourists from all over the world.

4. Canada is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. It is a world leader in the production of nickel, asbestos and other minerals. Canada has an ideal climate for growing wheat and barley. It is among the world's leading wheat producers and is second in the export of wheat.

5. The population of Canada is 24 million people. English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equal status and equal rights. Canada is a federation of ten provinces and two northern territories.

Ottawa is the capital of Canada with the population of 800,000 people.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме  абзацы 1, 4, 5.

 

3. Найдите герундий и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. Visiting Niagara Falls made a great impression on us.

2. We heard of his planning to travel to Canada.

3. Many farmers in Canada are engaged in growing wheat.

 

4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола  и переведите предложения на  русский язык:

1. If the weather is fine, we (will go, would go) to Niagara Falls.

2. If I went to Canada, I (will visit, would visit) its numerous National Parks.

3. If he (knew, had known) about your plans, he would have joined you.

 

5. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на согласование  времен:

1. The student said that he had visited Canada two months before.

2. The teacher asked the students what Canada's political status was.

3. Everyone knew that Canada had two official languages.

 

6. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на причастия:

1. Standing on the shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is the largest city in Canada.

2. Toronto has a lot of fine modern buildings, City Hall being the most famous.

3. At night the Parliament Building is illuminated by thousands of lights, creating a view of a fairy-tale palace.

 

 

 

тексты  для  устного  перевода

 

тексты  энергетической  И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ  ТЕМАТИКИ

 

HEAT  AND  ENERGY.  CONSERVATION  OF  ENERGY

 

The study of heat and its transformations was one of great intellectual, and even greater technical and economic, importance for the development of modern civilization. Originally, it was merely observations of Nature, of feelings of warmth and cold, of the operations of cooking, of the changes of the weather. There had been plenty of early speculations about heat. It was clearly connected with both life and fire.

Aristotle, especially in his meteorology, fixed the doctrine of the qualities of hot and cold, which, with wet and dry, determined the canonical four elements of fire (hot, dry), water (cold, wet), air (hot, wet), and earth (cold, dry). This doctrine, a fusion of chemistry and physics, was particularly important in medicine and seemed to be supported by the experience of chills and fevers. Indeed it is from medicine that came the first elementary ideas of heat measurement, the idea of temperature.

However, heat began to become a quantitative science with the gradual expansion and increase in scale of the industrial operations. Dr. Black was the originator of the new view of heat. His approach was a medical-physical one. He found different substances to be heated to different degrees by the same amount of what he called the “matter of heat” establishing the heat capacity or specific heat of different substances. He also noticed that snow and ice took time to melt-that is absorb heat without getting hotter-and that the heat must be hidden or latent in melted water. The first practical application of the discovery of latent heat was to be made by a young Glasgow instrument maker, James Watt in improving the model of engine. Taking into account Black's idea of latent heat. Watt made an engine capable of driving machinery at steady speed even against very variable loads.

One of the great generalizations and the major contribution into physics of the nineteenth century was the doctrine of the conservation of energy, as a cosmic principle of the interchangeability of different forms of energy. The idea came from the study of the conversion of coal to power that had already been achieved in practice by steam-engine. It was given more and more mathematical form and emerged as the science of thermodynamics, the first law of which provided the principle of unification by showing that the forces of Nature previously considered separate such as material movement, sound, heat, light, electricity, and magnetism were all measurable in the same units, those of energy, the quantity of which in the universe neither increased nor decreased. The conservation of energy was a magnificent extension of Newton's principle of conservation of motion, like it, contained in itself no conception of progressive change. However, the change did indeed follow from the second law, which limited the amount of work that could be got from each ton of coal by an engine of given design. The efficiency of engines at that time seldom rose to as much as five per cent.

The principle of the conservation of energy, of which mechanical work, electricity, and heat were only different forms, was the greatest physical discovery of the middle of the nineteenth century. It brought many sciences together. Energy became the universal gold standard of changes in the universe. A fixed rate of exchange between different forms of energy was established - between the calories of heat, the foot-pounds of work, and the kilowatt-hours of electricity. The whole of human activity – industry, transport, lighting, ultimately food and life itself-was seen to depend on this one common term: energy.

 

Vocabulary

application - применение, употребление

approach - приближение; подход; подступ

capacity - способность; мощность, производительность;  

coal - каменный уголь

conservation - сохранение

to contain - содержать в себе, вмещать

design - проект, план, чертеж, конструкция

discovery - открытие

drive (drove, driven) - двигать, приводить в движение

efficiency – коэффициент  полезного действия,    производительность

to emerge - появляться; вставать, возникать

engine - машина, двигатель, мотор; локомотив

fever - жар, лихорадка

food - пища, питание, еда

fusion - слияние; сплав

generalization - обобщение

heat - теплота; жар, жара

to hide  (hid, hidden) - прятать, скрывать

load - нагрузка

magnificent - великолепный; величественный; изумительный

major - большой; главный

power - сила, мощность;    энергия, производительность

to provide  - обеспечивать; предусматривать

steam - пар

substance - вещество

ton – тонна

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите текст и назовите этапы в развитии науки о теплоте и энергии.

 

2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний:

принцип объединения; количественная наука; масштаб промышленных операций; принимая во внимание идею; требовалось  время для плавления; с равномерным  движением; переменная нагрузка; основной вклад; крупное обобщение; принцип взаимозаменяемости; преобразования угля в мощность; паровая машина; не уменьшается и не возрастает; количество работы; данной конструкции; КПД.

 

3. Закончите предложения:

1. The study of heat began ... . 2. Heat is connected with ... . 3. The first ideas of heat were important in .... 4. The idea of temperature first came from ... . 5. Dr. Black, the first researcher of heat found that ... . 6. He called it ... . 7. He also noticed latent heat that is ... . 8. One of the greatest generalizations and contributions of the 19th century was ... . 9. The first law of thermodynamics provides ... . 10. The second law of thermodynamics limits ... . 11. All human activity depends greatly on ... .

 

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. When did the first speculations about heat begin? 2. Why was heat so important for humanity? 3. What were the early conceptions about heat? 4. What practical experiences supported these ideas? 5. What human activities demanded the development of heat as a quantitative science? 6. What experimental observations enabled Dr. Black to establish specific heat and latent heat? 7. How was this discovery proved in practice? 8. Why was the doctrine of the conservation of energy one of the great generalizations and contributions into the physics of the nineteenth century? 9. What does the first law of thermodynamics state? 10. What human activities depend on energy?

 

5. Подумайте и скажите:

1. “Prometheus stole fire and brought it to people”. Why was it so important?

2. The first conceptions of heat were primitive but helpful. Why?

3. Great discoveries in the field came from experimental practice and not vice versa. Why?

4. Heat and energy. What interrelation is there between them?

5. Industrial processes and heat.

 

ELECTRICITY  AND  MAGNETISM

 

The first new science to arise after the end of the Newtonian period was electricity, in part because it was almost the only aspect of physical science to which Newton himself had not devoted his attention and where his great prestige did not frighten off lesser investigators. Electricity had had a long and legendary past. The phenomena of electrostatics and magnetism were known to ancient men as early as 600 B.C. The ancient Greek philosophers thought magnetic and electric forces to be of common origin.

Science of magnetism, however, only began when its power could be used to good purpose, as in the compass. In its early stages however, magnetism didn't seem to promise any profitable application. It was a philosophic toy and lay a little outside the interests of the time, which were turned so largely to mechanics and the vacuum.

Some experiments with electricity were made in the early eighteenth century. One of them was made by the English amateur Stephen Gray, that led him in 1729 to a discovery of the transmission of electricity. Franklin, in remote Philadelphia heard of experiments with electricity, and sent for some electrical apparatus. Having studied the problem Franklin came to the conclusion that electricity is a kind of immaterial fluid existing in all bodies, undetectable as long as they were saturated with it. If some was added they became positively charged, if some was removed – negatively. Replacing the fluid by electrons and changing the sign of the charge, – for +, for it is a negatively charged body that has an excess of electrons, Franklin's explanation becomes the modern theory of electric charge. This simplification was Franklin's serious contribution to electrical theory, but what really impressed the world was his understanding the analogy between electric spark of the laboratory and the lightning which he snatched from the sky with his kite (воздушный змей) and showed that it was electricity. From this he, in his practical way, immediately drew the conclusion that it would be possible to prevent the damage due to lightning by the lightning conductor which he tried out in 1753. With this invention electrical science became for the first time of practical use.

Despite all these advances electricity and magnetism remained mysterious and their quantitative study could not begin until some method could be found of measuring them. This was the work of Coulomb  in 1785. He established that the forces between magnetic poles as well as those between charges of electricity obeyed the same laws as those of gravity, that is, a force proportional inversely to the distance. These experiments enabled the whole apparatus of Newtonian mechanics to be applied to electricity, but with this difference: that in electricity repulsive as well as attractive forces to be found.

The multiple analogies between electricity and magnetism made physicists think that there must be some connection between them but it was one very difficult to find. It was not until 1820 that through- another accident at the lecture table. Oersted in Copenhagen found that the electric current deflected a compass needle. He thus joined together, once and for all, the sciences of electricity and magnetism. One immediate consequence was the invention of the electromagnet, then the electric telegraph and the electric motor.

 

Vocabulary

accident - (несчастный) случай

to arise (arose, arisen) - возникать, появляться

charge - заряд

conclusion - (умо)заключение, вывод

conductor - проводник; громоотвод

connection - связь; соединение

damage - вред, повреждение, убыток, ущерб

to deflect - отклоняться, преломляться

despite - несмотря на

to detect - открывать, обнаруживать; детектировать

to devote - посвящать (себя) чему-л.

due to - благодаря

excess - избыток, излишек

fluid - жидкость; жидкая среда

to frighten – пугать

gravity - сила тяжести, тяготение

invention - изобретение

to investigate - исследовать; расследовать

needle - игла; стрелка (магнитного компаса)

negative - отрицательный

to obey - повиноваться, подчиняться, слушаться

pole - полюс

profitable - прибыльный,   выгодный, доходный

purpose - намерение, цель

remote - отдаленный, дальний; уединенный

remove - убирать, уносить; снимать; устранять, удалять

replace - заменять, замещать; вернуть; восстановить

repulsive - отталкивающий

to saturate - насыщать

spark - искра, вспышка

stage - фаза, стадия, период, этап

toy - игрушка, забава; безделушка

to try - пробовать; испытывать

to understand (understood) -  понимать; подразумевать

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите текст и скажите, какую лепту внес каждый из упомянутых ученых в развитие науки об электромагнетизме.

 

2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний.

имели общее  происхождение; на ранних ступенях развития; вне интересов; сорвал с неба; избыток электронов; предотвратить ущерб, наносимый молнией; молниеотвод; несмотря на все успехи; подчиняются тем же законам; объединил раз и навсегда; стрелка компаса

 

3. Закончите предложения информацией из текста или по своему усмотрению.

1. After the Newtonian period scientific interests mainly turned to ... . 2. In the early 18th century Stephen Gray discovered ... . 3. Soon after that Franklin discovered that all bodies are saturated with ... . 4. With the excess of this fluid a body becomes ... . 5. The first practical invention in the field of electricity was Franklin's ... . 6. Scientific studies of electricity could begin only with Coulomb's discovery ... . 7. The difference between the force of gravitation and those of electromagnetism is ... . 8. The multiple analogies between electricity and magnetism made scientists think that ... .

 

4. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What could you say about long and legendary past of electricity? 2. When did magnetism and electricity appear as a science? 3. Why did electricity attract little attention during the Newtonian period? 4. Why was Stephen Gray's discovery of electricity transmission important for science? 5. How did Franklin explain electrically charged bodies? 6. Could you draw the analogy between his explanation and the modem theory of electric charge? 7. What natural electrical phenomenon did Franklin explain and how did he use it in practice? 8. Why did electricity and magnetism still remain mysterious even after Franklin's discovery? 9. What discovery did Coulomb make? 10. Why was his discovery of great importance? 11. What did Oersted accidentally find? 12. Why was this discovery of great importance? 13. What inventions followed all these discoveries?

 

5. Подумайте и скажите о:

1. Early stages of electricity and magnetism.

2. The first steps in explaining electrical phenomena.

3. The first applications of electricity and magnetism in practice.

4. The contributions of the first discoverers into this branch of physics.

5. The Earth's magnetism.

 

 

ELECTROMAGNETIC  INDUCTION

 

Oersted's discovery of the compass deflection by the electric current had great theoretical importance. In the hands of Ampere, Gauss and Ohm it led to the understanding of the magnetic fields produced by currents and the way they flowed through conductors. Electricity could now become a quantitative science and take over all the mathematical apparatus of mechanics. Nevertheless, in one important and puzzling respect the new laws differed from those of Newton. All the forces between .bodies, that he considered, acted along the line joining their centres; but here a magnetic pole moved at right angles to the line joining it to the current-carrying wire. This was the first break from the simple scalar field theory, and opened the way to a more inclusive vector theory, where direction as well as distance counted. It was these physical discoveries that were to give a new impetus to mathematics.

Before the full interaction of electricity could be understood still one more decisive step had to be taken. It had been shown how electric currents produced magnetism; it remained to show how magnetism could produce electric currents. This discovery, though it had to wait for another ten years, was not, like Oersted's, accidental. It was the result of a deliberately planned research by Faraday. In 1831, in his fortieth year, Faraday showed that the relation between magnetism and electricity was dynamic and not static – that a magnet had to be moved near an electric conductor for the current to arise. This most important observation showed that not only was magnetism equivalent to electricity in motion, but also, conversely, electricity was magnetism in motion. Thus both sets of phenomena could only be discussed in the new joint science of electromagnetism.