Виды общения

 

Vocabulary

to encompass - заключать, включать

utilization - использование

flexibility - гибкость

to emerge - появляться

to expand - расширяться

promising - перспективный

keen interest - живой интерес

exciting - захватывающий

opportunity - возможность

to recognize - признавать

machine – tool - станок

steam engine - паровой двигатель

allied - смежный

to deal with - иметь дело с

media - среда

boiler - котёл

extent - степень

division - раздел; отдел

applied - прикладный

fuel - топливо

handling - транспортировка

rubber - резина; каучук

wood - дерево; лес

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите текст и определите, какое событие, связанное с утверждением машиностроения как отдельная отрасль техники упомянуто в тексте.

2. Заполните схему, используя информацию текста.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. When was mechanical engineering recognized as a separate branch of engineering? 2. What does mechanical engineering deal with? 3. What are these machines? 4. What is necessary to understand better the extend of the activities and interests of mechanical engineers? 5. What are professional divisions?

 

 

What  do  mechanical  engineers  do?

 

Because of the breadth of their preparation, mechanical engineers enjoy many professional options. Graduates of the mechanical engineering program work in a variety of industries:

 

Aerospace   Heavy machinery

Automobile   Metal forming

Chemical   Mining

Communications  Oceanographic

Computers   Petroleum

Electric utilities  Rubber and glass

Electronics   Textile

 

Wherever mechanical engineers work, they usually specialize in one or more areas. Some conduct research, advancing engineering knowledge by experimenting with materials and processes. Others apply research data in the development of new or improved products. Some mechanical engineers concentrate on design, using practical as well as theoretical knowledge to specify parts and materials for a new device. Those who specialize in manufacturing analyze methods and equipment to find the most efficient productions techniques. When processes are unusually complex, mechanical engineers may head operations departments that assure the optimal functioning of a system. Mechanical engineers often combine their technical knowledge and their human relations skills to move into marketing and sales or to assume positions in management.

Mechanical engineering also provides a useful background for other professions, and some graduates choose careers in medicine, law, education, government, or business.

Demand for qualified mechanical engineers is high.

Mechanical engineers have a wide range of job opportunities. They may be management, sales, development, research, or design or production engineers in industries such as food, steel, chemicals and heavy and light engineering. They also can work in service industries such as transport and gas, water and electricity.

Mechanical engineers are vital to the running of plants. Without them production would be impossible. Each plant is likely to be different. Some are large, some are small and most are complex. The main operational objectives of safety, efficiency and profitability are common to them all and demand a range of technical and personal skills from the engineers.

Mechanical engineers are concerned with machines, mechanisms and energy conversion. Mechanical equipment is at the core of the plants. Each plant is different from the next: the machines are particular to the process involved in making the end product and mechanical engineers are involved in their design, building and operation. They are at the forefront of technology: pressing the limits of material capability, developing new materials of construction, specifying complex machines and doing all of this with the most sophisticated design techniques.

Mechanical engineers' jobs are demanding and exciting. Their skills, technical and managerial, are used to the fullest. In plant operation the job is to keep the plant running and stimulate the team to make better use of equipment to improve performance.

Mechanical engineers are at the core of production: they manage plant and equipment, they manage people. In fact, they manage our future.

 

Vocabulary

breadth - широта

option - право выбора

to advance - ускорять; продвигать

device - устройство; прибор

to assure - обеспечивать, гарантировать

to assume - предполагать

useful - полезный

demand - потребность

a wide range of - широкий ряд

vital - важный, существенный

objective - цель

profitability - прибыльность

to be at the core of - занимать ключевые положения

at the forefront - на переднем плане

to push the limits of … capability - расширять возможности

sophisticated - сверхсложный

to be likely - вероятно

opportunity - возможность

impossible - невозможный

skill - мастерство

to be concerned with - быть связанным с …

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите текст и скажите, какими факторами определяется значимость роли инженера механика в производстве.

2. Опираясь на информацию текста, перечислите сферы деятельности инженера-механика.

3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Do mechanical engineers have professional options? 2. Where do the graduates work? 3. How many areas do they usually specialize in? 4. What do mechanical engineers concentrate on? 5. May they head operations departments? 6. What do mechanical engineers often combine? 7. What careers may graduates choose? 8. What opportunities have mechanical engineers? 9. What industries can they work? 10. What are mechanical engineers vital for? 11. What are they concerned with? 12. What is the core of the plants? 13. Is each plant different from the next?

 

 

 

 ТЕКСТЫ  АВТОТРАНСПОРТНОЙ  ТЕМАТИКИ

 

Classification  of  Automobiles  and  Tractors

 

The AUTOMOBILE (car or truck) is a self-propelled (motor) vehicle intended for transporting goods and/or people and for carrying out special tasks.

AS TO THE PURPOSE, motor vehicles are divided into transport vehicles, special-purpose vehicles, and competition vehicles.

Transport vehicles are classed in several types:

(a) cas - motor vehicles intended for carrying small groups of people (up to eight in number);

(b) buses – passenger service vehicles designed for carrying large groups of people (more than eight in number);

(c) trucks – motor vehicles intended for carrying various cargos.

According to cargo (load-carrying) capacity, trucks are in turn divided into the following classes: pick-up trucks (up to 0,5 t), light trucks (from 1 to 2 t), medium tracks (from 2 to 5 t), heavy trucks (from 5 to 15 t), and overweight tracks (more than to 15 t)

Trucks used to carry loose and sticky goods are equipped with tipping bodies and are referred to as dump trucks.

Special-purpose vehicles, as their name implies, are intended for special work and are equipped accordingly. This group includes truck cranes, tank trucks, seed-filler trucks, etc. These are modifications of standard transport vehicle models.

Competition vehicles are cars specially designed for racing.

AS TO THE TYPE OF CHASSIS, motor vehicles may be either framed or frameless.

Framed vehicles have a support structure, called frame, to which all the component parts of the vehicle are attached.

Frameless (unit-construction) vehicles have no frame, and all their component parts are attached directly to the vehicles body. The body in this case is referred to as unitized.

AS TO THE PRIME MOVER, automobiles may be powered by carburettor engines, diesel engines, or electric motors.

Carburettor engines operate mainly on gasoline (petrol), diesel engines run on diesel fuel, and electric motors are supplied from storage batteries. Accordingly, automobiles are divided into gasoline-powered, diesel-powered, and battery-powered types.

The TRACTOR is a wheeled or tracked self-propelled vehicle used as a power means for moving agricultural, road building, and other machines equipped with special tools, and also for towing trailers. The tractor engine can be used as a prime mover for active (moving) tools or stationary farm machinery through the intermediary of the power takeoff (PTO) shaft or belt pulley.

The uses of the tractor in agriculture are many, also so different types of tractor are needed to do different types of farm work.

AS TO THE PURPOSE, modern farm tractors are classed in three groups: general purpose (land utility) tractors, universal-row-crop (row-crop-utility) tractors, and special-purpose tractors.

Special-purpose tractors are modifications of standard land or row-crop utility tractor models and are used for definite jobs (e.g. in vineyards, cotton fields) or for various jobs under certain conditions (e.g., on marshy soils, hillsides). Thus, special tractors used to mechanize the cultivation of cotton have a single front (steerable) wheel, swamp tractors are equipped with-wide tracks enabling then to operate on marshy soils, and hillsides tractors are designed to work on hillsides tractors are designed to work on hillsides sloping at up to 16

AS TO DESIGN OF THE RUNNING GEAR, tractors are divided into crawler (track-laying) and wheeled types.

Crawler tractors are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore have a good track adhesion; they crush and compact the soil insignificantly. Such tractors show a high cross-country power and are capable of developing a high pull.

Wheeled tractors are more versatile and can be used for both field and transport work, but their traction is lower than that of crawler tractors.

 

Vocabulary

vehicle - транспортное средство

to carry out - выполнять

self-propelled - самоходный

purpose – назначение, цель

is intended for …- предназначен для …

capacity - мощность, емкость

to tip - опрокидывать

cargo - груз

crawler – tractor - гусеничный трактор

cargo (load-carrying) capacity - грузоподъемность

wheeled tractor - колёсный трактор

dump truck - самосвал

steerable - управляемый

frame - рама

to equip - оборудовать

to attach - прикреплять

belt pulley - ремённый шкив

storage battery - аккумулятор

shaft – вал

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the automobile intended for? 2. What is the classification of transport vehicles? 3. What is the classification of trucks according to their load – carrying capacity? 4. Give some examples of special – purpose vehicles. 5. What are competition vehicles designed for? 6. What is the difference between framed and frameless vehicles? 7. Which prime mover may carburettor, diesel and electric motor be powered by? 8. Is the tractor used for road building? 9. Which type of tractors is used for field tasks? 10. Special-purpose tractors are used for definite jobs or for jobs under certain conditions, aren’t they?

 

Fundamentals  of  Automobile

 

Basically, the automobile consist of four components:

1) The engine.

2) The framework, or support for the engine and wheels.

3) The power train, or mechanism that transmits the power from the engine to the wheels.

4) The body.

To these may be added a fifth components, the car-body accessories: the heater, light, radio, and other devices that contribute to the convenience and comfort of the driver.

The Engine. The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels around and the car move. It is usually referred to as internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned with in its cylinders, or combustion chambers. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve- and sixteen-cylinder engines are in use.

Fuel System. The fuel system is designed to store liquid gasoline and to deliver it to the engine cylinders in the form of vapor mixed with air. It consists of a fuel tank in which the gasoline is stored, a fuel line, through which the gasoline can be brought from the tank to the engine, a fuel pump, which pulls the gasoline through the fuel line, and a carburetor, which mixes the gasoline with air.

Electric System. The electric current performs several jobs on the car. It cranks the engine, furnishes electric sparks at the spark plugs that ignite the compressed mixture in the cylinders, operates the radio and heater motor, suppliers light for night driving, and operates gauges on the dash of the car that indicate charging rate, oil pressure, engine temperature, and the amount of the fuel in the tank.

The electric system consists of the storage battery, cranking motor, generator, distributor, ignition coil, and spark plugs as well and switches that connect these various units. Light, radio, heater, indication rouges and other electrically operated devices are usually considered as accessory devices, since they are not absolutely necessary to the operation of the car.

Power Train. The power that engine develops must be transmitted to the car to wheels, so that the wheels will rotate and cause the car move. The power train performs this job providing in the process several different gear ratios between the engine crankshaft and wheels, so that the crankshaft may rotate approximately four, eight, or twelve times to cause the wheels to rotate once. The power train consists of a series of gears and shafts, which mechanically connect the engine shaft with the car wheels and contains a clutch transmission or change gears, a propeller or cardan shaft, and a final drive.

(a) Clutch. The clutch permits the driver to connect the crankshaft to, or disconnect if from, the power train its main part is a friction disk pressed tightly by springs to the smooth face of the engine flywheel. The flywheel is attached to the end of the engine crankshaft, and when the clutch is engaged, the friction disk is held against the flywheel so that it revolves with the flywheel. When the clutch foot pedal is depressed the friction disk movies away from the flywheel face and stops revolving; when the foot pressure on the clutch pedal is removed, the springs again force the friction disk against the flywheel face, so that it once more rotate with the flywheel. The rotary motion is transmitted through the clutch shaft to the transmission gears and from there through the propeller shaft on to the rear wheels.

(b) Transmission. The transmission or change gears provide a means of varying the gear ratios of the engine crankshaft and the wheels. There are three main gear positions in the automobile transmission: low gear, second gear, and high gear. Thus the engine crankshaft may turn four, eight, or twelve times for each wheel revolution (approximately). In addition, a reverse gear is provided that permits backing the car.

The varying gear ratios are necessary since the engine does not develop much power at low engine speeds: it must be turning at a fairly high speed in order to deliver enough power to start the car moving. Thus, on first starting, the gears are placed in low speed so that the engine crankshaft will turn approximately 12 times for each wheel revolution. The clutch is then engaged, so that the power is applied to the wheels. Car speed increases with engine speed until the car is moving 5 or 10 miles per hour, at which time the engine crankshaft may be turning as many as 2.000 r. p. m. The clutch is then disengages, the gears are shifted in second, and the clutch is again engaged. A still higher car speed is obtained as engine speed is again increased; the gears are then shifted in high, the clutch being disengaged and engaged for this operation is before.

 

Vocabulary

power train - система передачи мощности.

to transmit - передавать

accessories - второстепенные части

source of power - источник энергии

internal combustion engine - двигатель внутреннего сгорания

combustion chamber - камера сгорания

fuel tank - топливный бак

vapor - пар

gauge - измерительный прибор

spark plug - свеча зажигания

crank shaft - коленчатый вал

propeller shaft - карданный вал

clutch - сцепление

final drive - главная передача

flywheel - маховик

reverse gear - задняя передача

revolutions per minute (rpm) - обороты в минуту

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

 

1. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Which are the basic parts of the automobile? 2. What is the purpose of engine? 3. What does the fuel system consist of? 4. Which jobs are performed by electric system? 5. What does the power train consist of? 6. What function does the clutch provide in the engine of the automobile? 7. How does the transmission work?

 

Smart  Cars  to  Enter  Auto  Market

 

Carmina (as this system is known) not only informs the driver about the intensity of traffic, the weather, parking places or gas stations, but also chooses the optimal route with account to roads and traffic flows. All information is illumined on a liquid-crystal screen positioned on the dash board. For example, on the map of Paris and the Ile-de-France district different colors are used to designate “unloading” routes, bottlenecks and repair works, as well as sectors which are closed for passage. The colors continually change, reflecting the changing traffic conditions.

Before switching on the guidance system which “speaks” five languages, one needs to feed all information about the city and the streets of departure and destination into the computer. Following this, a white arrow appears on the screen, pointing to the initial position, the name of the next street and the distance to it. The driver also constantly sees the arrow indicating the general direction of movement and the distance remaining in the trip

If you listen to music, the FM program will be periodically interrupted by a voice telling you: “Turn right in 200 meters” or “Head for exit three from the square.” If the address of the point of departure has been fed incorrectly, it will take the system not more than three minutes to find its bearings relative to one of the four GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, correct the error and establish the real whereabouts with an accuracy of several tens of meters.

But if you miss the turn in ten to fifteen seconds a new route will be offered to you – the shortest and the least difficult. It is also presumed that Carmina will learn to appraise the time needed for the trip.

In Paris the system works thanks to magnetic sensors positioned under the roadbed (near traffic lights): every five seconds they transmit to the traffic controller's office information regarding traffic levels.

At first glance, the “alto” only differs from other Citroen, XM models because of a laser ranger finder built into the radiator grill and a small camera mounted above the inner rearview mirror. But if we take a look in the cabin, it will become clear that there arc many more differences.

On the windshield there is a small superhigh frequency antenna. It transmits signals to road beacons which are currently being constructed. In the event of slippery road conditions the necessary information will be sent to the traffic controller who will then transmit warning signals to drivers approaching the dangerous sector.

In the event of highway driving the “alto” is equipped with a “smart” speed regulator. This system switches on a laser range finder (which in the future might be replaced by radar), as well as a computer and electronic control of the accelerator and brake pedals. If you decide to drive at 130 kph, the system will automatically make sure the distance between you and the car in front of you is not less than 54 meter (half a second in terms of time). If, for example, you have caught up with a motor vehicle driving at 120 kph the system will automatically reduce the distance to 45 meters.

 

Vocabulary

guidance system - система поиска

parking place - место парковки

optimal route - оптимальный маршрут

dash board - панель приборов

departure - отправление

destination - место прибытия

real whereabouts - местонахождения

roadbed - дорожное покрытие

radiator grill - решетка радиатора

inner rearview mirror - внутреннее зеркало заднего вида

windshield - (лобовое) ветровое стекло

superhigh frequency antenna - СВЧ антенна

slippery road - скользкая дорога

warning signals - предупреждающее сигналы

vehicle - транспортное средство

steering wheel column - рулевая колонка

secondary road - второстепенная дорога

sophisticated equipment - сложное оборудование

speeders - любители быстрой езды

 

ЗАДАНИЯ  К  ТЕКСТУ:

1. Прочтите текст, пользуясь словарём.

2. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is Carmina? 2. What is Carmina intended for? 3. How does Carmina work? 4. What is the difference between Carmina and “alto”? 5. Which sophisticated equipment does the “alto” use? 6. How does the GPS work in Paris? 7. Where can a small superhigh frequency antenna be found? 8. Who will transmit warning signals to drivers approaching the dangerous sector?

 

 

 

 ТЕКСТЫ  ПОДЪЕМНО - ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ  ТЕМАТИКИ

 

JACKS  AND  HOISTS

 

Jacks

A jack is the simplest load lifting appliance for raising a load to a small height. There are mechanical (screw and rack and pinion) and hydraulic jacks. Screw jacks utilize self-stopping screws.

When lever of a rack-and-pinion jack is turned, motion is transmitted through gear drive  to rack  which raises the load on its support. A rack-and-pinion jack has a higher efficiency and its support can be placed under a lower lying load than a screw jack. On the other hand, it is more dangerous to operate since it has no brakes and the load is lowered with the ratchet pawl released.