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3. Mass (is measured, measured) in grams or kilograms.

 

4. Переведите предложения на  русский язык, обращая внимание  на инфинитивные обороты:

1. My parents want me to become a chemist.

2. He is believed to be a very talented person.

3. Newton is considered to be one of the greatest English scientists.

 

5. Определите функции инфинитива  и переведите предложения на  русский язык:

1. То carry out this experiment will take you a lot of time.

2. The experiment to be carried out in our laboratory is very important.

3. He forgot to register the results of the experiment.

 

 

 

Вариант 3

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What was the boy interested in?

2. Which of Faraday's discoveries do you know?

 

MICHAEL  FARADAY

 

1. Michael Faraday, English experimental physicist, was born in 1791 in a poor family. The boy began to work as an apprentice at a bookbinder's shop at an early age. One day a man entered the shop and found the boy studying an article on electricity. The man was surprised to see a boy so interested in such a difficult subject and gave him four tickets for the lectures at the Royal Institutions.

2. The boy went to the lectures and made notes of what he heard. At the end of the lecture he came to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English scientist, and showed him his notes. Davy was surprised. Later he made Faraday his assistant and helped him in his education.

3. Faraday had many important discoveries. Among his works are the concept of the magnetic field and the magnetic “lines of force”, production of new kinds of optical glass, and research on electrolysis.

4. Faraday produced the first mechanical motion by means of a permanent magnet and an electric current. This is the principle upon which the modern electric motor is based.

5. Faraday was very modest and he loved his work more than honours. He refused to become President of the Royal Society and also refused to be knighted.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме  абзацы 1, 2, 3.

 

3. Заполните пропуски соответствующей  активной или пассивной формой  глагола и переведите предложения  на русский язык:

1. The unit of electricity “farad” (was named, named) after M. Faraday.

2. The first lightning rod (was invented, invented) by B. Franklin, the outstanding American scientist.

3. At Cambridge, Newton (was read, read) with great interest the writings of Galileo.

 

4. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1. Faraday is believed to be a great English physicist.

2. We consider Tsiolkovsky to be the father of astronautics.

3. Popov is known to be the inventor of radio in Russia.

 

5. Определите функции инфинитива  и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. In 1810 Faraday began to attend lectures on natural philosophy.

2. To study the nature of light and colour Newton carried out many experiments with a prism.

3. The lecture to be delivered by a well-known scientist is devoted to the problems of ecology.

 

Вариант 4

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. How old was Lomonosov when he left his native village?

2. When was the first Russian University founded?

 

M. V.  LOMONOSOV

 

1. M. V. Lomonosov was born in 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Arkhangelsk in the family of a fisherman. At the age of 17 he left his native village and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. Lomonosov didn't finish his last grade, as he was sent with eleven other pupils to St. Petersburg to study at the Academy of Sciences.

2. Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomonosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741 Lomonosov returned to Russia and began to teach chemistry and physics at the Academy.

3. Lomonosov established the fundamental law of chemical change of substance which is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.

4. Lomonosov founded a new science that we call today physical chemistry. He also studied electrical phenomena in atmosphere of the Earth, the nature of light, and designed an improved telescope. Lomonosov considered nature to be in a state of constant change and development. Coal, oil, etc. were all formed as a result of evolution.

5. Lomonosov was a great scientist. His works in poetry had a great influence on Russian literature. Owing to his efforts, the first Russian University was founded in Moscow in 1755. This university bearing his name became the centre of knowledge and science in Russia.

2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 4.

 

3. Заполните пропуски соответствующей  активной или пассивной формой  глагола и переведите предложения  на русский язык:

1. In 1745 Lomonosov (was appointed, appointed) a professor at the Academy of Sciences.

2. The first electric lamp (was invented, invented) in 1873 by A. N. Lodygin.

3. In 1911 Marie Curie (was received, received) the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

 

4. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные  обороты:

1. Lomonosov considered chemistry to be his "main profession".

2. The air is known to be a mixture of gases.

3. Lomonosov is considered to be a great Russian scientist.

 

5. Определите функции инфинитива  и переведите предложения на  русский язык:

1. Lomonosov began to work at an early age.

2. Edison founded an electric company to supply electricity to New York and other places.

3. The experiment to be made by this scientist will give us important information.

 

Вариант 5

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What did Mendeleev discover?

2. What fields of science do his works embrace?

 

DMITRY  MENDELEEV

 

1. D. I. Mendeleev was born in 1834 at Tobolsk in the family of the director of the town gymnasium. He received his secondary education at Tobolsk and then entered the Petersburg Pedagogical Institute. After graduation he worked as a teacher for two years.

2. In 1859 he presented his thesis, received his master's degree and went abroad on a two-year scientific commission. Upon his return to Russia he was elected professor of the Petersburg University, where he carried on his scientific and pedagogical activity for 23 years.

3. In 1906 he issued a book under the title Contribution to the Knowledge of Russia which contained thoughts of the further development of Russian industry and economy. The greatest result of Mendeleev's creative effort was the discovery of the Periodic Table of Elements.

4. One of Mendeleev's prominent works is his book Principles of Chemistry in which inorganic chemistry was for the first time explained from the standpoint of the Periodic Law.

5. A great scientist, Mendeleev devoted his life and energies to the progress of his country. His works embrace various fields of science – chemistry, physics, physical chemistry, geophysics.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 4.

3. Заполните пропуски соответствующей  активной или пассивной формой  глагола и переведите предложения  на русский язык:

1. At first, the Periodic Law (was received, received) very coldly by other scientists.

2. In 1893 Mendeleyev (was appointed, appointed) Director of the Bureau of Weights and Measures.

3. В. Franklin (was founded, founded) the first public library and the University of Pennsylvania.

 

4. Переведите предложения на  русский язык, обращая внимание  на инфинитивные обороты:

1. The year 1895 is considered to be the date of the invention of the radio.

2. We consider Mendeleyev to be a great Russian scientist.

3. Manchester is known to be the centre of cotton industry.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ  ЗАДАНИЕ  №  4

 

Лексические темы	Грамматические темы
Countries 1. Australia 2. Russia 3. The USA 4. Great Britain 5. Canada	1. Conditional Sentences (Условные предложения) 2. Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времени) 3. Gerund (Герундий)

 

1. Conditional Sentences (Условные предложения)

Условное придаточное предложение	Главное предложение
1. If he works hard Если он будет много работать, (употребляется изъявительное наклонение)	he will enter the university. он поступит в университет.
2. совпадает с Past Indefinite   (глагол to be имеет форму were) If he worked hard   Если бы он много работал,	Should + Infinitive (без to) would he would enter the university  next   year. он бы поступил в университет в следующем году.
3. совпадает с Past Perfect If he had worked hard then Если бы он много работал (тогда),	would + Perfect Infinitive he would have entered the    university. он  поступил бы в университет.

 

2. Sequence of Tenses  (Согласование времен)

1. Если глагол-сказуемое главного  предложения стоит в настоящем  времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения может стоять в любом, требуемом по смыслу времени:

 

 he studies English.

He says that  he studied English last year.

he will study English next year.

2. Если же сказуемое главного  предложения стоит в Past Indefinite, то сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения должно стоять в одном из прошедших времен:

 he studied English.  

(действие, одновременное с действием  главного предложении) 

He said that he had studied English.

(действие предшествует действию  главного предложения)

he would study English.

(действие совершается после  действия   главного предложения)

В русском языке согласования времен нет. Сравните перевод предложений  в (1) и (2):

(1)  он изучает                 (2) он изучает...

    английский.      английский.

 он изучал…  он изучал…

Он говорит, что      Он сказал, что 

он будет изучать…  он будет изучать.. 

3. Gerund (Герундий)

 

Образование: основа глагола + -ing – reading

Например:     ask + ing = asking

teach + ing = teaching

 

Функция	Пример	Перевод
1. Подлежащее   2. Именная часть составного сказуемого   3. а)Прямое дополнение   б) Предложное дополнение   4. Определение      5. Обстоятельство	Reading is useful.    His hobby is reading.      He likes reading.    He knows of my reading English books.    There are many ways of translating this sentence.    He can translate this text without using a dictionary.	Чтение (читать) полезно.    Его любимое занятие (хобби) – чтение.    Он любит читать (чтение).  Он знает о том, что я читаю английские книги.    Существуе много способов перевода этого предложения.  Он может перевести этот текст, не пользуясь словарем.

 

 

Вариант 1

 

1. Прочтите текст и  ответьте устно на следующие  вопросы:

1. What is unusual for a foreigner in Australia?

2. What kind of country is Australia?

AUSTRALIA

 

1. Australia is an island the size of Europe, which knows every type of climate and almost every kind of foliage. Its birds and animals are strange, unlikely dreams. Its dark-skinned aboriginal inhabitants hunted and ate the kangaroo, the koala bears, the exotic birds. They dreamed their dreams, told their tales around the camp-fires and lived the Stone Age existence that had been theirs for thousands of years.

2. In 1788 there came to this country twelve hundred English convicts and guards who arrived to form the colony of Port Jackson (now Sydney). The population rose rapidly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Now Australia is strongly promoted as a multi-cultural society and has become home to a wide variety of citizens from numerous ethnic backgrounds.

3. Australia’s size offers an enormous diversity of climate to suit all tastes: from cool and moist to hot and tropical, with regions in between enjoying a warm temperate climate.

4. Canberra is Australia’s National Capital. When Australian States federated in 1901, it was decided to build an entirely new city so that the Federal Government could have complete control over its own seat and also be removed from the influence of any of the State capitals.

5. The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1^st January 1901. Before this date, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania were separate self-governing colonies. The Commonwealth Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

 

2. Переведите в письменной  форме абзацы 1, 3, 4.

 

3. Найдите герундий и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. The professor told us about experimenting and the necessity of observing facts.

2. The energy of anything is its power for doing work.

3. We can’t understand your making this experiment without consulting anybody.

 

4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола  и переведите предложения на  русский язык:

1. If the scientist took great interest in growing new crystals, he (will start, would start) a new experiment.

2. If the scientist wants to grow new crystals, he (will find, would find) new methods of work.

3. If growing new crystals (were, had been) very important for this branch of industry, the scientists would have made that experiment.

 

5. Переведите упражнения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на согласование  времен:

1. We said that in Australia there were many strange animals.

2. I knew that it would be very difficult to get to that place.

3. She said that she had visited Australia two years before.

 

Вариант 2

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the territory and the population of Russia?

2. What kind of country is Russia?

 

RUSSIA

 

1. Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies an area of 17 million square kilometres. Russia is washed by three oceans and twelve seas and borders on fourteen countries.

2. The population of the country is about 150 million people. Russia is a constitutional republic with President as Head of State. It is one of the leading powers in the world.

3. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are situated in the North and the climate here is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental and in the South it is subtropical.

4. If you look at the map of Russia you will see the highest mountains in the Caucasus and the Altai, the Urals, separating Europe from Asia, many rivers and large lakes. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and it has the purest water on earth.

5. Russia is a highly developed industrial country. Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gas, gold, diamonds and others. It has the largest oil and gas resources, concentrated in Siberia and Far East. It produces cars, machinery, chemicals, textile and many other items.

6. In 1957 our country successfully launched the world's first satellite. The first manned spaceship “Vostok” piloted by Yuri Gagarin, the citizen of Russia, was launched on April 12, 1961. It opened a new era in the history of mankind.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 1, 2, 5, 6.

 

3. Найдите герундий и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. Flying from Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours.

2. I am proud of being a citizen of Russia.

3. I enjoyed travelling through Russia last summer.

 

4. Выберите требуемую по смыслу  форму глагола и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. If I have time I (go, will go) to the Tretyakov Gallery.

2. If I were you I (will go, would go) to the Tretyakov Gallery tomorrow.

3. If he (studied, had studied) hard he would have entered Moscow University.

 

5. Переведите предложения на  русский язык, обращая внимание  на согласование времен:

1. She told me that she had many friends in Moscow.

2. The teacher asked the students who had been to the Tretyakov Gallery.

3. He said that he would go to Lake Baikal the following week.

 

6. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на причастные  обороты:

1. The Volga flowing into the Caspian Sea is the biggest river in Europe.

2. Russia is a land of a great number of rivers, some of them being among the longest in the world.

3. Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the largest water route in Europe.

 

 

 

Вариант 3

 

1. Прочтите текст и ответьте  устно на следующие вопросы:

1. How many states does the USA include?

2. What does the Congress consist of?

 

THE  USA

 

1. The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.

2. The USA covers the area of about 3,000,000 square miles. The population of the country is 250 million people.

3. The climate of the country is varied. One can find high mountains and prairies, tropical heat and arctic cold, valleys and deserts because the country occupies nearly half of the continent.

4. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The main branches of industry are electronic, electrical, metallurgical, textile, chemical and many others. The largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago and others.

5. The USA is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is headed by the President and the Congress, consisting of Senate and the House of Representatives.

 

2. Переведите в письменной форме  абзацы 1, 4, 5.

 

3. Найдите герундий и переведите  предложения на русский язык:

1. Fishing and fishing canning are important industries along the Pacific Ocean beach.

2. The Congress is responsible for making laws.

3. My illness prevented me from attending last night's concert at Lincoln Centre.

 

4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола  и переведите предложения на  русский язык:

1. If you (go, will go) to America, you will see a lot of monuments and museums.

2. If I were you, I (would go, would have gone) to Washington by plane.

3. If he had stayed in New York a little longer, he (would have visited, would visit) many interesting places.

 

5. Переведите предложения на русский  язык, обращая внимание на согласование  времен:

1. She said that the delegation had arrived in New York the day before.