Education in Kazakhstan. Education in Britain.

1. I (work) on this problem for two months. 2. She (sleep) all this time? 3. “Are there any news about your latest project?” –  “I just (tell) about it.” 4. He says he (not/ feel) well for the past week. 5. I (not/ sleep) well for months. 6. We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helen’s.7. “Jack isn’t working now.”  – “He (not/work) for years”. 

 

Ex.8.Make up sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous.

Example: Suzy is in her riding boots (she/ride) – She has been riding.

1. Have a rest now. (You /work too hard/ lately).........

2. You are shivering (you / stand / in this cold / long?)... ... ...

3. Her hands are red and wet. (She / scrub /the floors / for three hours).........

4. The children are quite voiceless. (They / sing at the top of their voices/ since morning)

 

Ex.9. Translate into English.

1. Ты давно меня ждешь? 2.Как давно у вас болит нога? 3. Он занимается уже три часа. 4.Я учу испанский с сентября. 5. Анна ищет работу шесть месяцев. 6.Мой брат курит десять лет. 7. Они работают в Манчестере с 1 марта. 8. С какого возраста ты играешь в шахматы? 9. Как давно вы живете в этом городе?

 

Ex.10.Use the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. He had barely entered the room when his secretary said:”  Somebody (ring) for you for the last five minutes.” 2. I (read) Shakespeare in your absence and now I (try) to learn this beautiful sonnet. 3.”What the children (do)? ”- “They (play) games all morning and now they (learn) to tell time by the position of the sun.”4. Many people believe that our climate (change) very markedly. 5. I (collect) the pictures with bridges since I graduated from the University.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UNIT 5

 

EDUCATION IN THE USA

 

Text: Education in the USA

Grammar: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 

Education in the USA

Over 57 mln students are enrolled in American schools. Americans place a high value on education for themselves and for their children. Universal access to high quality education has been one of the nation’s historic goals.

More than 100 years before signing the Declaration of Independence, European settlers in Massachusetts passed laws requiring all communities to hire school masters. American’s first college, Harvard was founded in Massachusetts in 1636 and in 1865 education was becoming available to all.

There are the varieties of schools in America now: public and private, large and small, urban and rural, traditional and experimental, academic, vocational and comprehensive. Educational system of the USA consists of: Preschool education, Elementary school, Secondary school and Higher education. Preschool education :  The school year is usually nine months, from early September to mid – June. A child’s introduction to formal education is usually in kindergarten classes operated in most public school systems. Many systems also provide nursery schools. The age group is commonly four and five years. These preschool education programs maintain a close relationship with the home and parents, and aim to give children useful experiences which will prepare them for elementary school. Elementary school: The main purpose of elementary school is the general intellectual and social development of the child from 6 to 12 or 15 years of age. Curricula vary with the organization and educational aims of individual schools and communities. Promotion from one grade to the next is based on the pupil’s achievement of specified skills in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, history, geography, music and art. Secondary school: Most pupils follow a course that includes English, science, social studies, mathematics and physical education. Elective subjects may be chosen in the fields of foreign languages, fine arts and vocational training. Most young Americans graduate from school with   a high school diploma upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses. Students are usually graded from A (excellent) to F (failing) in each course they take on the basis of performance in tests given at intervals throughout the year, participation in class discussions and completion of written and oral assignments. Locally developed end-of-the-year examinations are given in many schools. Some states, as New York, give statewide examinations which are prepared by the state department of education. After graduating from secondary schools a growing number of Americans go on to higher education. American institutions of higher education include: technical training schools, community colleges, colleges offering four-year bachelor degree programs and universities which contain one or more colleges and graduate schools offering masters or doctoral degree programs. The factors determining an institution’s prestige are the quality of the teaching faculty, quality of research facilities, the number and competence of applicants for admission.

 

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

 

1. To enroll	зачислять
2. Value	оценка
3.access	доступ
4.law	закон, право
5.to hire	нанимать
6.to found	основывать
7. urban	городской
8.rural	сельский
9. To consist (of)	состоять (из)
10.kindergarten	детский сад
11.social	общественный
12.to vary	меняться
13. Promotion	продвижение
14. Achievement	достижение
15. throughout	везде
16. Assignment	задание
17. To determine	решать
18. Applicant	абитуриент
19. Admission	зачисление
20. purpose	цель
21. Bachelor’s degree	степень бакалавра
22.master’s degree	степень магистра

 

Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:

1. To enroll                                    

2. Vary

3. Promotion from one grade

4. Law                                                           

5. Rural

6. Pupil’ achievement

7. Urban                                                         

8. To hire

9. To consist (of)

10. in kindergarten classes

11. Social

12. A high value

13. Universal access

14. To found

15. Admission

16. The main purpose

 

Ex.2. Match the following   words and expressions from column A with those in column B.

 

1. Social development                                   степень магистра

2. To consist of                                               был основан

3. Achievement of specified skills                 цель

4. To graduate from                                        степень бакалавра

5. was founded                                              достижение определенных навыков

6. purpose                                                      состоять из

7. bachelor’s degree                                     общественное развитие                            

8. master’s degree                                          доступ

9. Access                                                         окончить 

 

Ex.3. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets.

1. The school year lasts usually....... from early September to mid – June.

2. The age group is commonly.... years.

3. These preschool education programs maintain a close relationship with ... and aim to give children useful experiences which will ... them for elementary school.

4. The main purpose of elementary school is the development ... ... of the child from 6 to 12 or 15 years of age.

5. Promotion from one ...  to the next is based on the pupil’s achievement of specified skills in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, history, geography, music and art.

6. Most young Americans ... from school with   a ... school diploma upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses.

7 .Some states, as New York, give statewide examinations which are prepared by........

8. After graduating from secondary schools a growing number of Americans go on.......

9. Curricula  ... with the organization and educational aims of individual schools and communities.

The state department of education, vary, general intellectual and social, graduate, to higher education, four and five, high, nine months, prepare, grade, the home and parents

Ex.4. Translate into English.

1. Школьный год обычно  длиться  9 месяцев. 2. Перевод ученика с  одного класса на другой основывается  на его достижений определенных  навыков по чтению, по арифметике, по историй, по географий.  .Основная  цель начальной школы – интеллектуальное  и общественное развитие ребенка. 4. Учащиеся должны завершить несколько  учебных курсов, чтобы получить  документ об окончании школы. 5. Каждый курс состоит из четырех  или пяти предметов, и учащиеся  изучают его в течение года.

 

Ex.5. Answer the questions on the text and say about the structure of the school system of the USA.

1. How long does the school year last?

2. What is the main purpose of the preschool education and of the elementary school?

3. How long does the elementary school last?

4. What subjects does the program of studies in the secondary school include?

5. What must students do to be graded from A (excellent) to F (failing) levels?

6. What form of education do students choose after graduating from secondary schools?

7. What are the factors determining an institution’s prestige?

 

 

GRAMMAR: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

 

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I had been working	I had not been working	Had I been working?

 

I’d been working                      I hadn’t been working

 

• The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
• Inclusive: denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. It is used with: -since, for We had

Been climbing for six hours when at last we reached the summit of the mountain.

• Exclusive: denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before. Outside everything was in deep snow. It had been snowing hard all night?(not at that moment)

 

Ex.6. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. Clouds (gather) all day now rain came down in sheets. 2. “I’ am coming all right, “said Mr. Dilinger, who (shave) for the last ten minutes. 3. I realized that he had come away with me in order to discuss once more what he already (discuss) for hours with his sister-in-law. 4. I slowly released a breath and only then realized that I (hold) it for some time.

 

 

Ex.7. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Tense.

1. When I (leave) home, the snow already (stop). 2. It (be) 6 p.m. and Jack (be) tired because he (work) hard all day. 3. He clearly (listen) to our conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear). 4. She (say) she (teach) at this school for twenty years. 5. He (say) he just (finish) the book he (read) all this time. 6. The postman (come) after lunch and (bring) me a letter which I (expect) for a long time. 7. It (rain) since the morning, and the fields (be) quite muddy.

Ex.8. Answer the questions.

Examples: Did you work at your English Yesterday? – Yes, I did.

How long had you been working at your English before you went for a walk? (For an hour)- I had been working at my English for an hour.

 1. Did it rain yesterday? How long had it been raining when you left home? (For 3 hours)........ 2. Did she work at the University before she retired? How long had she been working there before she retired? (For 25 years)..... 3. Did you stay at the hotel when you were in London? How long had you been living there when Jane arrived? (For a fortnight)..... . 4. Did they study French before they went to France? How long had they been studying it before they went there? (For 5 years).... 5. Did they work on their book last year? How had they been working on it before they sent it to the publishing house? (For 2 years).....

 

Ex.9. Make up sentences according to the pattern.

Example: You come home. Your children were watching television. (They/ not/ do/ any work)-They hadn’t been doing any work.

1. Brother and sister came home with angry faces. (They/ quarrel/ on the way home) 2. There was nobody in the flat. But a delicious smell of fresh bread was in the air. (Mother /bake bread) 3. Mary closed her eyes. She felt very tired. (She/ read/ too long) 4. You came home from a party. You were nearly dropping on your feet. (You /dance/ all night) 5. When I looked at my typewriter, I saw a sheet of paper in it. (Somebody/ use/ my typewriter)

 

Ex.10. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect.

1. When I (get) home that evening, my little son (eat) dinner himself for the first time. 2. My sister’s wedding (be) the only thing everybody (talk) at home for the last two weeks. 3. They (go) back to the hotel and up to their suite, where they (expect) the inspector at six –  thirty. 4. Presently he (turn) to look at the corner where she (stand). 5. He just (leave) for the airport when I (call).  6.” Who are you thinking of?” he (ask) after he (look) at me for a few seconds. 7.They stand in the open front doorway, waiting for her to come in out of the rain. 8. Nobody (know) where Smith (go). 9. When he (come) back to the conference room, he (see) that the situation (change).

 

Ex.11. Translate into English.

1.Гости ушли. Теперь они сидели  перед камином в гостиной. 2. Люди, которых она встречала по дороге  домой, улыбались ей и спрашивали, как она провела отпуск. 3. Я  думаю, он показал мне около  тридцати картин. Это был результат  шести  лет, в течение которых  он рисовал. 4. Она изучала искусство  рисования три года, прежде чем  стала работать в издательстве. Когда я попросил ее  сделать  иллюстраций к моей книге, она  заканчивала иллюстрировать свою  первую книгу. 5. Не успели  они  проехать и пяти миль, как их  остановила полиция. 6. Мистер Мэтлок  посмотрел на своего сына, его  взгляд смягчился. 7. Буря утихла, небо прояснилось, и опять светило  солнце.

 

 

UNIT 6

 

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA

 

Text: Higher Education

Grammar: Future Perfect Continuous Tense

 

Higher Education

Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. A college at a leading university might receive applications from two per cent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).

The system of higher education in the United States comprises three categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (four-year) degree and b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree, 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to computer programming; and 3) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.

Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputations for offering particularly challenging courses and for providing their students with a higher quality of education. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc.; and the competence and number of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institution can be in choosing its students.

The most selective are the old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliff, (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University (New Haven, Conn, between Boston and New York), and Columbia College (New York), Princeton University (New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in American university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in England, particularly Harvard and Yale.

The Ivy League Universities are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centres. In defence of using the examinations as criteria for admission, administrators say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve applicants for every first-year student seat. In addition to learning about a college/university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the following: Professional degrees such as a Bachelor of Law (LL.A.) or a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) take additional three years of study and require fist B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student.

Gradual schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool (such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation.

The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level а student generally takes about five three-hour a week courses every semester. (Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May.) Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three- credit course in Linguistics, for example, could involve one hour of lectures plus two hours of seminars every week. Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about 40 three-hour courses or 120 credits.

In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from there or a third university.