Education in Kazakhstan. Education in Britain.

2. A command, an urgent request (побудительное предложение)

3. Prohibition (нельзя, запрещается)

“To have to” expresses:

1. Obligation or necessity arising out  of circumstances (должен,приходится,вынужден)

“To be to” expresses:

1. An agreement or arrangement, part of a plan (должен)

2. A strict order/prohibition (побудительное предложение)

3. Something thought as unavoidable (предстоит,суждено)

 

The absence of necessity is expressed by “needn’t”. There is sometimes a difference between ”must” and “have to”. With “must” the speaker is giving his own feelings, saying “he” thinks it necessary. We can use “must” to talk about the present and future,”have to” can be used in three tense forms. In its second meaning “must”  denotes probability. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.

Modal verbs: should and ought. There is hardly any difference between these verbs, very often they are interchangeable. There is a difference in construction: ought is always followed by to- infinitive. Moral obligation or duty is more often expressed by ought to. It is a little stronger than should.

 

Ex.5.Translate the sentences, explain the use of  “must” or “have to” in them.

1. I must go and lay the table myself. 2. We had to walk all the way to the station. 3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden. 4. She pretended she didn’t understand anything. Mother had to tell her plainly what she thought of it.   5. We’ll have to run. 6. The shoes are a size too small. I’ll have to go to the shop and have them changed. 7. She was running high temperature. I had to put her to bed at once.

Ex.6.Replace the infinitives in brackets by “must”,  “have + infinitive” if the action is only necessary; by “be + infinitive” – if  it’s expected.

1. This is Dora. She (share) your room. 2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking. 3. Who (meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings. 5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache. 6. When the lecture (begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes to-night! 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I (meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp. 

 

Ex.7.Complete the sentences using the modal verbs “can”, “may”, “must”.

1. The performance … (be over) as there are many people leaving the theatre.2.   I don’t believe that he said it. He …  (say) such a thing. 3. I am sure they knew everything about it. Mary … (tell) them. She can’t keep her word. 4. I am sure that she did not do anything of the kind. They … (take) her sister for her. 5. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They…. (break) their promise.6.Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She … (be ashamed) to tell you the truth. 7.   ….you really mean it? 8. There is no doubt that it was all prepared beforehand. He …. (watch) you. 9. It is impossible. They….  (leave) already. I was watching the door of the house. 10. I don’t believe that they didn’t recognize you. They…. (fail to recognize) you. 11. His teacher….  (help) him; his English is quite decent now. 12. I’m quite sure, my students…. (Be) at a lecture now. They never miss classes. 13. I don’t believe it. He …. (write) the letter but the signature is certainly not his. 14. ….this old man (be) your brother?  15. The message ….(be delivered) in time as we received an immediate answer.

 

Ex. 8. Put “can”, ”may”, “must”,  “should”, “ought to”, “have to”, “be to”,  “be able to” (or the negative forms) and “needn’t”  in the spaces.

1.”Oh, Nurse …I stay here?” “Stay here? Of course, you…» 2. Men …help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we …walk.  4. No, Moira you …have another potato. You’ve had two already. 5. We … live without food and water. We … eat and drink. 6. I … get too early tomorrow, so I…. go to bed late tonight. 7. You …not walk all the way to the station. You take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom’s father told him that he…. ask silly questions. 9. You switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The matter …be discussed in tomorrow’s debate. 11. You … sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They … do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them, 13. You … do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later one … choose. 15. I … read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Go right in. You … report at once. 17. She … sing quite well. 18. You … say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand.

 

Ex.9. Put “should” or “shouldn’t” in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian. Watch the meaning of “should”/”shouldn’t”. 

1. You … work more; you … miss the lessons. 2. Mother … look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you …  buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone …  be much more careful, 6. You … have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he … wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they…  always say “Please” and “Thank you”. 9. It is dark in the room, …  switch on the light.

 

Ex.10. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I don’t feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It’s three o’clock and I’m feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father’s typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn’t (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn’t (run). 6. I was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn’t). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn’t (eat) so much bread, now you’ve gained weight. 10. You shouldn’t (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn’t). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn’t). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn’t). 15. Tom’s had another accident. It sounds like Tom’s fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.

 

Ex.11. Fill in the blanks with “must”, “should” or “ought (to)”. Use the correct form of the infinitive.

1. Your questions surprise me, you … (to know) this. 2. You … (be) absent for such a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I … (to tell) you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You … (be) there.       5. Let’s tell him all as it is. He … (to understand). 6. You … (to apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You … (consult) her. 8. She … (not to say) about such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results. 9. I … (to know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in time, they … (to be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor … (to give).

Ex.12. Fill in needn’t or mustn’t.  
Example: You _____ forget your homework. (mustn’t)

 

You ….. wash these fruits. I’ve already washed them.

You …… translate that. I understand what you say.

You …… tell Sandra. She can’t keep a secret.

You …… lend me your umbrella. I love walking in the rain.

You …… call me. I will call you when I get home so that you save some money.

We’ve got plenty of time. We …… leave yet.

We’ve got plenty of time. We …… hurry.

We …… walk all the way home. We can take a taxi.

We have enough food at home. We ….. go shopping today.

Tom has broken his leg. He ….. walk a lot. It is not good for him.

There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind now. You …… decide now.

The last bus is at eleven. I ….. miss it or else I won’t be able to get home.

That’s not a secret. You ….. whisper.

That’s a secret. You ……. Tell anybody.

Take your time. You ……… be back before eight.

Jim gave me a letter to post. I …….. forget to do that.

I …….. forget to do my homework.

I know what you mean. You ………. Explain further.

I have to go now. I ……. Be late for work.

I can go on my own. You ………. Come with me.

                                

UNIT 12

 

LEISURE TIME

 

Text: A night at the theatre

Grammar: Sequence of Tenses

                                                       A night at the theatre

Here we are outside   the theatre. It is  the  Library  Theatre  which  is  underneath   the  General   Library  in  Manchester.  We are  going  to see  a  modern  play  which  is very  popular   with  theatre-goers.

Passing  through   the  revolving   door  and  down  the stairs  we come  to the  box  office  where  the  tickets  are sold.  Luckily  we  booked  our  seats a few  weeks ago  or  would  not be able  to get in,  because  for this  play  all the  seats  had  already    been  sold. It is so popular   that this   is the   second   time it has   been produced here.

We leave our raincoats in the cloakroom.  At the  entrance  to the  theatre   itself  an  attendant  in uniform  tears  our  theatre tickets  in half.  He gives us our halves back   so that we can find our seats by   their   numbers. Another   attendant   shows us to our   seats   and sells  us a  program  that  will  tell  us   which  parts    the  actors   are playing   and how  many  acts  there  in the play. Then we take our seats   about halfway   down the auditorium.

All around us people are settling down into their seats, reading their programs,   passing chocolates. Everybody is excited, looking   forward to the play.  We all have   a clear view   of the stage   because the seats   are set on wide steps which slope   down to the level of the stage. On the front row, you are so close you can smell the paint on the scenery but not too close to spoil your view   of the actors.  Even on the back   row you have a perfect view of the stage   because this is a small theatre.

     This auditorium holds only 300 seats, but many theatres   are much   larger. In a small  theatre   you can always   be sure  to hear and   see  everything   and really  feel   that you are   with the actors   in everything they  do and in all the  places  they  visit.  But many plays   are still produced in very large, old theatres   where it is difficult   to see and hear properly if you are in the back rows. There are  sometimes  so many  stalls   (ground-floor seats)  in these   theatres  that they are   divided  into  orchestra   stalls,  center   stalls,   and  rear   stalls,  with the pit  behind  them.  Above,  there is   the dress  circle and boxes , then the  balcony and,  high  above,  the  gallery,  or the  “gods”!  

The auditorium seems to be full now.  In a few   minutes   the play will begin.  The attendants close the doors   and draw   the curtains over them. The warning bell rings to tell everyone   the play is about to begin. People whisper   excitedly. Slowly the lights begin to come up on the stage. 

 

 

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

 

1. Leisure	досуг
2. Spare time	свободное время
3. To entertain, entertainment (n)	развлекать, развлечение
4. box  office	театральная касса
5. ticket	билет
6. to  book	заказать
7. seat	место
8. play	пьеса, спектакль
9. cloak-room	гардероб
10. cloak-room ticket	номерок
11. drama theatre	драматический театр
12. matinee	дневной спектакль
13. to stage,stage (n)	поставить спектакль, сцена
14. Orchestra	оркестр
15. Stalls, in the orchestra stalls	партер, в первых рядах партера
16. row,on the front, back row	ряд, в первом, в последнем ряду
17. Box, in the box	ложа, в ложе
18. Gallery,”the gods”	галерка
19. Curtain (rises, falls)	занавес (поднимется, опускается)
20. scene	сцена, (часть действия)
21. scenery	декорации
22. dress  circle	бельэтаж
23. audience	зрительная аудитория
24. performance	игра актеров, спектакль
25. to applaud, applause (n)	аплодисменты
26. pit	амфитеатр

                                                     

Ex.1. Find in the text   the equivalents to the following:

 очень  популярна среди   театралов; театральная касса; купить  билеты; поставлена (пьеса) во второй раз; гардероб; найти места ( в театре); роль; передние (задние) ряды; зал вмещает;  партер;  амфитеатр;  зал заполнен; загораются огни.

 

Ex.2. Match the words in column A with those in column B.

1. Entertainment                                                         a) декорации

2. cloak-room                                                             b)театральная касса

3. Matinee                                                                   c) развлечение

4. Pit                                                                           d) аплодировать

5. Box office                                                               e) бельэтаж

6. to applaude                                                             f) амфитеатр

7. scenery                                                                   g) гардероб

8. cloak-room ticket                                                    h) спектакль 

9.  dress  circle                                                             i) ложа,в ложе

10. box,in the box                                                       j) дневной спектакль

11. asbahнии                                                           k) номерок

 

Ex.3. Translate the   sentences   from Russian  into  English.

1) В этом сезоне  это самая   популярная  пьеса. 2) Я не  театрал,  но я тоже   очень хочу  посмотреть эту пьесу. 3) Мы купили  билеты заранее   в кассе   театра   и теперь не должны   стоять  в очереди,  чтобы купить  билет. 4) Это пьеса  ставится  в  этом театре   уже во  второй раз.   5) Мы  купили  программку, чтобы  узнать, кто  играет  главные роли, сколько  актов в пьесе.  6) Зрительный   зал  вмещает  300 человек, это  маленький  театр. 7) Но большинство   старых  театров  очень   большие,  партер  в этих   театрах  даже  делится   на  «передние ряды партера», «среднюю  часть» и «задние ряды партера». 8) За партером   идет  амфитеатр  ,над ним  бельэтаж,  ложи, балкон  и галерка.

 

Ex.4. Give words or word combinations for the definitions:

1. the  part   of the theatre   where the  audience  sits;

2. a raised  platform  in a theatre   where   the actors  appear;

3. the highest   balcony  where the  cheapest  seats  are  placed;

4. a place  where   hats   and  coats  mat be left;

5. a piece  of wood or metal with  a  number  on it  given  in return  for hat  or a

coat;

6. a set  of  actors  in a play;

7. programme;

8. the  main  role;

9. a  trial  performance  of a play;

10.a person  who shows  people  to  their  seats;

11.seats  in the  theatre  behind  the   stalls.

 

Ex.5. Fill in the blanks with the corresponding words given below.

If you want to go … we must first look through … to find out what … . As it is sometimes rather difficult to get .. we must book them at … . Some people don’t like to have … far from … . They try to get tickets for … . If we little money we take seats on … . When we come to any theatre in our country we leave our coats in … and take … in order to get them back when … is over. If we want to know …  we buy … . After this we take our seats and wait for the lights to … . Soon the lights go down, … goes up, the play begins.

 

The curtain, a theatre, go down, the leading role, is on, the cast, tickets, a check, a playbill, seats, the performance, the stage, book, the stalls, the gallery, go up, box- office, cloakroom.

 

Ex.6. Speak on  the following sub- topics:

1. My first visit to the theatre.
2. “Everybody is excited, looking forward to the play”
3. My leisure hours.

 

GRAMMAR: Sequence of Tenses.

 

• If the verb in the principal clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future –in-the-past) must be used in the subordinate clause. The action expressed  in the subordinate clause can be simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause ,prior or posterior to that of the principal clause.

 

• Simultaneous Action

 

I knew that he lived in Kiev (он живет в Киеве)

He said that they were waiting for us (они ждут нас)

I knew that he had been living in Kiev since 1946 (он живет в Киеве с 1946)

He said (that) he had known her for two years (он знает ее 2 года)

 

• Prior Action                                 -

He said that  he had already left Astana (он уже уехал из Астаны) 

I  knew that – it had been raining (что шел дождь)

He said that  she had been ill for two weeks (она болела две недели)

 

• Future Action

I  knew that  they would arrive on Sunday (они приедут в воскресенье)

He said that  they would be working at 6 (в 6 они будут работать)

I  knew that  he would have translated the article by Monday

(он уже  переведет эту статью  к понедельнику)

 

• Study how the Tenses  are changed according

to the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

Present  Indefinite –   Past Indefinite 

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

Present Perfect –    Past Perfect