Education in Kazakhstan. Education in Britain.

 

Ex.1.Suggest the Russian for:

to go ashore on excursions; to book tickets in advance; departure; it is possible; the railway station; pleasant voyage; in your compartment; a lower or upper berth; to travel for pleasure; a lover of nature; due to; coach tours; sightseeing; to have a good rest; whenever you like; people traverse oceans; in different ports; a magnificent voyage; with enormous waves; a 4-deck liner; you are not bound by any schedule; all over the world; the ruins of ancient towns; for a change of scene; to enjoy picturesque places; at their disposal; to discover new things; in advance; to try different food; to listen to;  art galleries; exotic restaurants; city dwellers; a quiet holiday by the sea; on the mountains; lie in the sun; to  have travelling by sea; as quickly as possible; the best way; on the appointed day; boarding the big airliner; to look around; in front of you;  in the cockpit; passenger; pilot; crew; to recline; on board of  a large cruise ship; a great experience;

 

 

Ex.2. Suggest the English for:

Время и  расстояние; в мгновение ока; ограничения; метро; пересаживаются на автобус; во всем мире; современные города и руины; живописные пейзажи; отпуск на море; путешествовать самолетом; заказать билеты заранее; в  назначенный день; вскоре; оглядеться вокруг себя; откинуться; наконец мы взлетаем; предпочитать;  достопримечательности; пеший туризм; приятное путешествие; носильщик; багаж; океан; порт; гигантские волны; четырех палубный лайнер; расписание; вовремя.

 

Ex.3.Guess the meaning of the words and word combinations in italics and translate the whole sentence.

1. They travel to enjoy picturesque places or just for a change of scene. 2. It is always interesting to discover new things, to see different people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms. 3. City dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or on the mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and lie in the sun. 4. People who wish to travel either for pleasure or on business have at their disposal various means of transport. 5. It is better to book tickets in advance. 6. On the appointed day you go to airport by car. 7. Soon you’ll be boarding the big airliner and it will carry you to new lands. 8. Some of the passengers are already reclining in comfortable armchairs. 9. Presently we take off and in a few minutes the pilot informs us of the altitude.10. Our plane is due to arrive in eight hours. 11. When the day of your departure comes, you go to the railway station, which is usually closer to your home than the airport. 12. The porter helps you with your luggage. 13. on board of a large cruise ship people traverse oceans and visit other countries. 14. The ship stops for a day or two in different ports and people go ashore on excursions. 15. Crossing the ocean is a magnificent and very long voyage, with enormous waves before you and a 4-deck liner under you.

 

Ex.4. Translate into English.

1. Теперь весь мир открыт. 2. Современная жизнь невозможна без путешествий.     3. Они пересаживаются на автобус или берут такси. 4. Им не нравиться проводить отпуск дома. 5. Миллионы людей во всем мире проводят отпуск, путешествуя.       6. Городским жителям обычно нравится спокойный отпуск на море или в горах.     7. Вскоре вы сядете в большой авиалайнер, и он отнесет вас к новым землям.         8. Пассажиры могут откинуться в удобных креслах. 9. Сидя в самолете, вы можете оглядеться вокруг себя. 10. Люди совершают путешествия, чтобы увидеть другие страны и континенты, другие города  или просто ради перемены обстановки.        11. Всегда интересно встречать новых людей, открывать для себя что-то новое.

 

Ex.5. Speak on the following sub – topics.

1. Modern life is impossible without travelling.
2. People all over the world spend their holidays travelling.
3. Various means of transport.    

GRAMMAR: Modal verbs (can, may and their equivalents).

 

• Modal verbs are used to show the speaker’s attitude towards the action. We use them with other verbs. Modal verbs are not “complete” verbs. We don’t use “to”-infinitives after modals: You mustn’t phone now. It’s late.

 

Modal verb Equivalent	Present	Past	Future
can   to  be able to …   may to  be allowed to…	сan   am/is/are able to   may am/is/are allowed to	could   was/were  able to   might was/were allowed to	will be able to   - will be allowed to

 

In its first meaning “can” expresses:

1. Mental, physical, circumstantial ability

2. Permission                                                                можете + инф.

3. Request

4. Prohibition                                                               нельзя + инф.

 

We use may/ might:

• to ask permission/ to give permission  (можно)
• to talk about possible happenings in the Future (возможно, может быть)
• to talk about possible plans (могу, возможно)
• reproach (мог бы)

 

We also use can/could to ask or refuse permission. Can I make myself a cup of tea?

Could is more politely than can:  Could I make a phone call, please.

 

Ex.6.Analyse the meaning of the verb “may”. Translate the sentences into Russian.

14. I said to Mrs. Micawber : May I ask what you and Mr. Micawber intend to do, now that Mr. Micawber is out of his difficulties? Have you settled yet?” 2. He said I might come to him any day I liked. 3. I asked if I might bring my wife down next Saturday.4. If he walks from the station, he may arrive in the course of the next half-hour.5. It was some special occasion. I don’t remember what. It may have been my birthday.6. He may not have learned the news, that’s why he looks as if nothing had happened. 7.

 

Ex.7. Explain the meaning of “can” (ability, permission, request, prohibition, possible action) in the following sentences.

1. She is unwell, she can’t leave her room. 2. Can I smoke here, Mrs. Right?      3. The teacher said they could all go home. 4. A policeman arrived and told him he couldn’t park there. 5. My son is not in town; but he’ll be here before long. – Can I give him any message? 6. We can discuss it now. 7. I could never understand what made her behave as she did. 8. If you are tired you can lie on the sofa for a bit. 9.”Life,” the old man said, “can only be understood when you are old. Now I see all the mistakes I could have avoided.” 10. We are in charge of this great business. We cannot leave our responsibility to others. 11. He was surprised that she could paint so well. 12. She is not married though she could marry anybody she chose.

 

Ex.8.Fill in the spaces with “will be able to” or “will not (won’t) be able to”.

1. When her arm is better, she … play the piano again. 2. I’m sorry, but I …come to your birthday party next week. 3. He …  eat everything when the doctor allows him. 4. My sister …go out to dances until she is seventeen. 5. Why do you sit at the back of the class if you can’t hear well? You … hear better if you sit in the front. 6. I’m too busy to have a holiday this year, but I hope I … have a long holiday next year. 7. The train leaves at five o’clock tomorrow morning. We … catch it if we don’t get up very early. 8. He was working very hard before he fell ill. He …work so hard when he comes out of hospital. 9. Perhaps one day we … travel to the Moon.

 

Ex.9.Complete the following sentences using “could” or “was/were able to”.

1. It was a fine day yesterday, so we ….have a picnic, and we enjoyed it very much. 2. He suddenly felt ill, but he…. finish his speech, although at the end he could hardly stand. 3. He spoke very little French when he left school, but he … understand the language. 4. I got to the station at 9.50 a.m. and …catch the 9.55 a.m. train. I was very pleased I didn’t have to wait for the next train. 5. He has always been good at Math’s. But even he ….solve this difficult problem. 6. The town was full of visitors, and we didn’t know where we would spend the night, but at last we … find two vacant rooms in a small hotel. 7. Before his illness, he…work fourteen hours a day if he had to.

 

Ex.10. Translate the words in brackets.

1.   Of course, I (могу) translate this article.

2.   I think I (мог бы) show you how to do it.

3.  You (можно) go and tell her about it.

4.   (Можно) I see the doctor now?

5.   He (мог бы помочь) you but he didn’t want to bother.

6.  You (можете) easily get there in 20 minutes.

7.  You (сможете) do it directly on return.

8.  You (нельзя) discuss the subject with your friends.

9. She was in a hurry, she (He могла) wait for us.

10. There is a sign. You (нельзя) take pictures here.

11. The swimmer was very tired but he (смог) reach the shore.

 

Ex.11. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Вы, возможно, встретите его на  станции. 2. Может быть, он оставил  нам записку. 3. Вы, возможно, забыли  свои перчатки дома.4.Она, возможно, поймет это позже. 5. Она, возможно, все уже забыла.6. Он сможет  говорить по-французски свободно (fluently), когда вернется из Парижа. 7. Можно мне взять твою ручку? – Да, пожалуйста. 8. Вы умеете кататься на коньках? 9. Когда он был молодым, он мог пройти 20 километров в день. 10. Никто не мог мне помочь. 11. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 12. Я умел плавать, когда мне было пять лет. 13. Ты мог бы перевести этот текст? 14. Эту книгу можно купить в любом магазине. 15. Мы сможем поехать в горы в следующем году.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ex.12. Fill in the spaces with the right modal verbs.  
Example: I _______ speak English very fluently.

 

You …… run faster if you weren’t so lazy. You …… leave the class before 1 o’clock. You ….. behave well in front of guests. Stop being silly. You look tired. You ….. have some sleep. This exercise …. bring to you by www.nonstopenglish.com You failed in your final test. You …… have studied harder. …… I borrow your pen? We …… watch TV so much. We ….. not climb those mountains when we were kids. The project ….. finish in two years time. Stop smoking! You really ……. Not smoke. Sami …… lift that heavy table. He is too weak. Muneera …… come to the party, but nobody is sure. Laila …… not swim when she was one year old. It’s too cold. I …… close the window. It ……. Rain in the desert sometimes, but you can’t depend on it. If I had enough money, I ……. Travel with my friends but now I can’t. I …… to study well for the exam. I wish I …… buy a new car but i do not have any money. I have no time. I ….. leave now. My parents are waiting for me. He ……. Be friendly, but he is usually unfriendly.

 

 

 

UNIT 11

 

TRAVELLING

 

Text: The holiday

Grammar: Modal verbs: must, should, ought to and their equivalents

 

 

The Holiday

One evening, Jillian came home with the information that their friends, Liz and Peter Smith, had brought a holiday cottage in the country. And that, somehow, made them start thinking s seriously about their own summer holidays.

So they sat down to discuss it. Jillian thought she would like to go Italy and Martin suggested that Spain might be a good idea. Then Jillian remembered seeing some advertisements for Sweden and Martin wondered whether Yugoslavia was a possibility. Finally, without deciding where to go, they realized that it would be wise to think about the cost of going abroad.

“Well, the first thing is to make a decision about the car.” – Jill said. “If we don’t take it we shall have to stay in one place.”

“And if we decided to take it,” Marten answered,” we shall have to use a car ferry, either ship or plane. “A long discussion followed after which Martin had written down:

Sea ferry –  cheapest – slowest – least comfortable

Air ferry –  more expensive – faster – more comfortable

Fly all the way – most expensive – fastest – most comfortable

“We had better take the car”, he said, “Because we simply can’t afford to fly all the way. But if we fly across the Channel with the car, we shan’t be able to afford to stay in a hotel.” Was it his imagination, he wondered, or was Jill looking disappointed?

But then she suddenly put forward a new suggestion: “If we flew all the way,”  she said thoughtfully,” we couldn’t pay the hotel bills. If we flew with the car across the Channel, we still shouldn’t be able to stay in a hotel. But if we bought a tent, we should be able to use air ferry- and we have a camping holiday. Perhaps we should be able to go to several countries, instead of one. ” It seemed the perfect answer to the problem and neither of them could find any objections to the idea. So having both arranged to have three weeks’ holiday from 1^st of August, they went along to a sports shop, and after carefully examining five different tents, decided which one would be most suitable and brought it home.

Then everything began to happen at once. Martin found that he couldn’t get tickets for the air ferry during the first week in August. But, worse still, the car started making peculiar noises, and the mechanic at Martin’s usual garage said that if he took it abroad, he would be asking for trouble. That  evening Peter and Liz Smith came round full excitement  because they were going to Italy with some money Peter’s aunt sent  him, and they had been lucky enough to get the last two air ferry tickets for the first week in August.

“We’re very pleased for you,” Martin said weakly, and then Jillian began a long explanation of their own problems. ”But that’s easy,” Peter exclaimed. ”Have our cottage. Your car’s good enough to take you there and we shan’t need the place because we shall be away. Now, don’t think any more about it, the cottage is yours for the first three weeks in August.”

 

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

 

1. Advertisement	реклама
2. Imagination	воображение
3. To disappoint	разочароваться
4. Suggestion	предложение
5. To wonder	интересоваться
6. Tent	палатка
7. To happen	случаться
8. Excitement	волнение
9. To exclaim	восклицать
10. enough	достаточно
11. wise	мудрый

 

Ex.1. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and word combinations.

Дача; воображение; остановиться в гостинице; разочароваться; договориться об отпуске; интересоваться; морской паром; палатка; случаться; реклама;  волнение; стоимость поездки за границу;  восклицать;  оставаться в одном месте;  достаточно; теплоход; мудрый; выдвинуть новую идею; осмотреть палатку;  предложение; достать (купить билеты); мастерская по ремонту машин;

 

Ex.2. Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers.

1. The information brought home by Jillian was about the Smiths’ having bought a holiday cottage in the country.

2. They discussed their summer holiday plans.

3. No, there were too many possibilities opened up.

4. They decided to take the car and to buy a tent.

5. The car started making peculiar noises and Martin couldn’t get tickets for the air ferry.

6. The last two air ferry tickets were bought by Peter.

7. Liz and Peter were going to Italy.

8. They were going to stay away for the first three weeks in August.

10. Martin and Jillian could spend their holidays in the Smiths’ holiday cottage in the country.

 

Ex.3. Suggest English equivalents of the Russian words given in brackets.

1. So they sat down (обсудить) it. 2. Jillian thought she would like to go Italy and Martin   (предложил) that Spain (может быть) a good idea. 3. Finally, (не решив) where to go, they realized that it would be wise to think (о стоимости) of going abroad. 4. After (тщательного осмотра) five different tents, (решили) which one would be (самой подходящей) and brought it home.5. Martin found that he couldn’t (достать билеты) for the air ferry during the first week in August. 6. That evening Peter and Liz Smith came round full (волнения) because they were going to Italy .7. Well, the first thing is to (решить) about the car.”

Ex.4. Answer the questions on the text and retell the text.

1. Who first informed Martin about the Smiths’ holiday cottage?

2. What did Martin and Jillian discuss after the tea?

3. What was the first thing to be decided about?

4. How did Martin imagine Jillian was looking?

5. Which idea could neither of them object to?

6. Where did they make their examination of the five tents?

7. Could Martin take tickets for the air ferry?

8. What was the problem with their car?

9. What did Peter suggest?

 

GRAMMAR: Modal verbs: must, should, ought to and their equivalents.

 

Modal verb Equivalent	Present	Past	Future
must have to be to	must have/has to … am/is/are to …	had to … was/were to …	will have to …

 

• “Must” expresses:

1. Obligation, necessity (= to have to …) (должен)