Education in Kazakhstan. Education in Britain.

Past Indefinite –  Past Perfect (or stays the same)

Past Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect –               (does not change)

Time and place changes:

here  - there

this –that

these –those

now   -then, at that moment

today –that day

yesterday  -the day before/the previous day

a year ago –a year before

last night –the previous day 

  The Sequence of Tenses is not observed if the object clause expresses a general truth or something is represented as habitual, customary. The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 °C.

 

Ex.7. Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in this clauses. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry’s brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was itching to tell me what had happened.  3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in 2 or 3 days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

 

Ex.8. Give your reasons as to why the rules of the Sequence of Tenses are not observed in the following sentences.

1. He says he is free tomorrow. 2. He spoke with the satisfaction of a competent workman who knows his job from A to Z. 3. He sought pleasure in the simple and natural things that life offers to everyone. 4. Monty told me that he had no permit for the gun, and that in England it is illegal to own a gun without a permit. 5. I knew I should go; but we sat there because it is difficult to go without any particular reason for leaving. 6. Billy folded his arms and leaned back. “I told you I do not like milk”.

 

Ex.9.Make an action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses.

1. I thought you (have) better sense. 2. She could not imagine what he (to do)there. 3. I’ve forgotten what he (to look) like. 4. I didn’t know whether the doctor (to mean) whether (to say) or whether he (to have) joke at my expense. 5. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so much at home here. 6. He asked me what work I (do) and whether I (intend)  to go to a university. 7. I was surprised you (to know) my name.       8. He told his father that now he (to make) ten dollars a week less. 9. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (to be) unwell and (not to live home).

 

Ex.10. Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

1. When I went into the office next morning I already (to formulate) my plan. 2. Well, I don’t think I ever (to see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (to think) she (to make) a mistake. 4. She knew what (to go) on in their minds. 5. So I went into the living room, where my aunt already (to wait) for me. 6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (to return) from abroad. 7. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (to feel), and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday.  

 

Ex.11. Translate the following into English observing the rule of the Sequence of Tenses.

1. Он  мне говорил, что интересуется  историей. 2. Он знал о чем она  думает. 3. Он сказал что вернется  очень скоро. 4. Я знал что он  живет в Лондоне. 5.  Я знал  что она жила в Сан-Франциско. 6. Она мне не сказала что  говорила с ней. 7. Я думал что  он получает от нее письма. 8. Я думал что они пригласят  нас. 9. Я был уверен что он  работает и поэтому не вошел  в комнату. 10. Он не знал что  м знаем друг друга с детства. 11. Я был уверен что он жалеет  что поссорился с ним. 12. Я подумал  что он устал и спросил его  что он делал все это время. 13. У меня было впечатление  что он находится там уже  некоторое время. 14. Она говорила  что не может понять почему  они переменили решение. 15. У меня  было подозрение что она забыла  упомянуть что я жду его. 16. Я не имею понятия знает  ли она что Филл будет здесь.

 

Ex.12. Complete the sentences

1. They noticed they ….. (fly) for three hours already.  
2. Tom said that it ….. (take) him an hour to get to the station.  
3. She asked them if they …. (play) tennis in the afternoon.  
4. Mary asked her brother if he …. (can) tell her the way to the shop.  
5. Peter and John told me they ….. (go) to the Kremlin the day before yesterday.  
6. Mother said she ……. (have) a bad headache. Don’t bother her.  
7. Dorothy asked Margaret if she …. (be) going to buy a new dress in the nearest future.  
8. They told us they ….. (visit) the Tretyakovskaya gallery next Sunday.  
9. Jack said that he already …… (write) the letter.  
10. They asked if the work …… (finish) by tomorrow.  

UNIT 13

 

LEISURE TIME

 

Text: The Use of Leisure

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech

 

 

The Use of Leisure

By the way in which a man uses his leisure his character can be told more surely in all probability than by the way he does his work. For most men work is necessity in order to gain a living. Vast numbers of men have not even been able to choose what work they would do, but have been forced by economic necessity to take the first job that came their way. But in their leisure time they do what they really want to do and their real selves are reflected in their actions.

Some people are completely passive during leisure hours. If such people go out they go to some place of entertainment where no effort is required by them, a cinema or a dancing hall, and if the latter, they do  not dance but simply sit and watch others dancing.

A different type of person hurries home from work full of eagerness to begin on some scheme which he has been planning for his leisure time. Perhaps his hobby is carpentry or model engineering, or gardening-, or he might wish to write, or to study some subject in which he is interested. .This is the creative type of character. For him, his leisure hours are full of promise and he can look back on them with satisfaction when he reviews what he has achieved in them.

Leisure should be refreshment; it should send a man out with fresh spirits to battle with the problems of life. Sometimes this freshness comes not from doing anything, but by filling one’s mind with fresh springs of duty. Many a man gets full value from his leisure by contemplating nature, listening to music, or reading noble books. By this sort of occupation he may not have made anything that he can show, but he has none the less recreated his own source of inspiration and made his own mind a richer fuller treasure house. This is the true use of leisure.

 

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

 

1. go out	проводить время вне
2. treasure	сокровище
3. film(picture, movie)	кинофильм
4. adventure	приключенческий фильм
5. favourite occupation	любимое занятие
6. hobby	хобби
7. feature	художественный фильм
8. enjoy oneself ,(have a good time)	хорошо провести время
enjoy (a party, a play etc)	получить удовольствие от …
9.  be on	идти (о пьесе, фильме в
	определенный день)
10. run (v)	демонстрировать, показывать
	(фильм, пьесу)
11. run (n)	период показа (пьесы, фильма)
12. poster (AmE: bill-board)	афиша
13.news – real	хроника, киножурнал
14. ballet	балет
15. opera	опера
16. drama	драма
17. tragedy	трагедия
18. show	представление, сеанс

 

Ex.1.Suggest the Russian for:

By the way; probability; no effort; fresh springs of  duty; go out; to gain a living; in which he is interested; vast numbers of men; have been forced by economic necessity; to run; to take the first job;  their real selves ; completely passive; the latter; to  be on; a  different type of person; own mind; full of eagerness; feature; to begin on some scheme; the creative type of character; full of  promise; satisfaction; refreshment; adventure; with fresh  spirits; to battle with the problems of life; full value from his leisure; place of entertainment; by contemplating nature; own source of inspiration; treasure house; the true use of leisure, favourite occupation ; tragedy.

 

Ex.2. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

1. досуг

2. огромное  количество

3. свежие  источники красоты

4. садоводство

5. полный  стремления

6. место развлечения, 

7. собственный источник  вдохновения

8. сокровищница

9. творческая личность

10. свое настоящее Я  

11. род занятий.

12. киножурнал

13. любимое занятие

14. афиша

15. художественный фильм

 

Ex.3. a) Translate the words in italics; b) Act out the dialogue.

Sam and Cathy are planning their evening.

Cathy: Sam?

Sam: Mmm?

Cathy: What do you want to do tonight?

Sam: Oh, I don’t know. Nothing special.

Cathy: Is there anything on at the cinema?

Sam: Here’s the paper. Page two.

Cathy: Thanks. (Looking at the paper.) There’s a new film by Maurice.

Sam: Who? Who’s Maurice?

Cathy: A film director, of course.

Sam: Well, I didn’t know. What’s it called?

Cathy: “Elena.”

Sam: “Elena!”- What kind of film is it?

Cathy: I don’t know, but I’d like to see it.

Sam: All right. How long is it been running?

Cathy: Why?

Sam: Well, it’s a new film; it’ll be difficult to get a seat.

Cathy: (Looking at the paper aagain) No, it says: ‘Now in its tenth week.        

Continuous performances.’

Sam: So it doesn’t matter when we go.

Cathy: But, I’d like to go now. Come on  … Sam, come on!

 

Ex.4. Make up dialogues using the following sentences.

1. Where would you like to go?

2. And what about going to…?

3. Don’t you know what’s on today?

4. Who is it by?

5. Is it worth seeing?

6. How will it take us to get there?

7. Let’s go there at once.

 

Ex.5.Answer the following questions on the text and express your own opinion.

1. Why can a man’s character be told by the way he uses his leisure?

2. What types of men are there by the way they spend their leisure?

3. What do passive people do during leisure hours?

4. How does a creative type of character spend his leisure time?

5. Why should leisure be refreshment?

 

GRAMMAR: Direct and Indirect Speech.

 

• Indirect Speech is formed according to the Rule of Sequence of Tenses. The Verbs most commonly used to introduce the reported speech are: to tell, to say, to add, to notice, to explain, to inform, to remind, etc. Note: to say smth. (to smb); to tell smb.smth.

 

Tom said, ”My brother is learning to drive.” (The Present Continuous Tense)

Tom said that his brother was learning to rive ( The Past Continuous Tense)

 

Marat said, “Sometimes I go home by tram.” (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Marat said that sometimes he went home by tram. (The Past Indefinite Tense)

 

The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two” (The Past Indefinite

Tense)

The teacher told John that he hadn’t written exercise two. (The Past Perfect

Tense)

Bob Said, “My uncle has just arrived from Paris.” (The Present Perfect Tense)

Bob said that his uncle had just arrived from Paris. (The Past Perfect Tense) 

If  the reporting verb is in the present, the tenses that follow are usually the same as those used in the original statement.

• An order or request in indirect speech is expressed by the infinitive. The verbs most commonly used to introduce indirect orders are: to tell, to order, to command. Requests are usually introduced by the verb to ask. More emotional forms are: to beg, to implore, to urge.

 

My teacher said to me: ”Remember these grammar rules! ” My teacher told me to remember these grammar rules.

 

Ex.6. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Jack told his father, “I hope to pass the examination”. 2. Henry said to me, “The teacher is listening to us”. 3. Bob said to Tom, “I made no mistakes in the last dictation”. 4. I told the policeman, “I saw the thief in the garden”. 5. He said, “I have not read many English books”. 6. Jack’s father said to him, “You have not cleaned your shoes”.           7. Mary said, “I do not want to wear my old dress”. 8. My mother said to me, “I feel very tired and I have a headache”.

 

Ex. 7. Choose the correct word from those in brackets.

1. My grandmother always … me about her childhood.(says/ tells)

2. “Don’t do that! ” she … them. (said/told)

3. Did she …  you where she had put my books? (say/tell)

4. When I was introduced to 6the actor he … a few words about to me. (said/ told)

5. That little boy is very bad. He … a lot of lies.( says/tells)

6. She … to me she didn’t know what to do. (said/told)

7. He often …  things like that. (says/tells)

 

Ex. 8.  Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.

1. My sister said that she had not got a watch. 2. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 3. I told him that I had not seen his brother for a long time. 4. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the university. 5. She told the grocer that he did not want any sugar. 6. We told the teacher that we did not understand his questions. 7. I told the taxi – driver that he was driving too fast. 8. He said that her children were playing in the garden.

 

Ex. 9. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Mary said to her brother, “Take the letter to the Post Office, please”. 2. The teacher said to Tom, “Collect the exercise-books and put them on my table”. 3. The old man said to the little girl, “Do not run across the street”. 4. The teacher said to the pupils, “Learn the poem by heart”. 5. I said to my friend, “Meet me outside the cinema at 6 o’ clock”. 6. The teacher asked Tom, “Do you come to school by bus or on foot?”. 7. A man stopped me in the street and asked, “Have you got a watch?”. 8. The teacher asked us, “Do you understand the question?”

 

Ex.10. Translate the sentence from Russian into English.

15. Я попросил Джека дать мне его словарь. 2. Кондуктор сказал пассажирам не выскакивать из автобуса на ходу. 3. Учитель попросил студента стереть с доски. 4. Он напомнил мне отправить письмо. 5. Отец запретил детям входить в его кабинет. 6. Инспектор предупредил нас, что здесь стоянка  запрещена. 7. Гид посоветовал нам заглянуть и в этот небольшой музей.

Ex. 11. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns and tenses.

1. “Where is my umbrella?” she asked. → She asked …….
2. “How are you?” Martin asked us. → Martin asked us ……
3. He asked, “Do I have to do it?” → He asked ……
4. “Where have you been?” the mother asked her daughter. 
                        → The mother asked her daughter …….
5. “Which dress do you like best?” she asked her boyfriend. 
                       → She asked her boyfriend …….
6. “What are they doing?” she asked. → She wanted to know ……
7. “Are you going to the cinema?” he asked me. 
                       → He wanted to know ……
8. The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?” 
                         → The teacher wanted to know …….
9. “How do you know that?” she asked me. → She asked me ……
10. “Has Caron talked to Kevin?” my friend asked me. 
                      → My friend asked me ……

Ex.12. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a question.

1. He said, “I like this song.” → He said …..
2. “Where is your sister?” she asked me. → She asked me …..
3. “I don’t speak Italian,” she said. → She said ………..
4. “Say hello to Jim,” they said. → They asked me ………
5. “The film began at seven o’clock,” he said. → He said ……….
6. “Don’t play on the grass, boys,” she said. → She told the boys …….
7. “Where have you spent your money?” she asked him. → She asked him ……
8. “I never make mistakes,” he said. → He said ……
9. “Does she know Robert?” he wanted to know. → He wanted to know ……
10. “Don’t try this at home,” the stuntman told the audience.→ The stuntman advised the audience....

 

UNIT 14

 

GETTING A JOB

 

Text: Employment Agencies.

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.

 

 

Employment Agencies

   In Britain there is a special service for school leavers, the Careers Advisory Service, which helps young people who are looking for their first job. Careers Officers give practical advice on interview techniques, application forms, letters, pay, National Insurance and Trade Unions.

  One business organization that you may use when you are job-hunting is an employment agency.  There are the state employment services and nonprofit agencies that do not receive fees for finding jobs for people. There exist also private employment agencies which receive a fee. Some employment agencies see applicants without an appointment. These include the state employment agencies and nonprofit agencies. Counselors there may spend a few minutes with each applicant.

  But an agency that deals with technical and higher – salaried jobs spends much more time with each applicant. Appointments are necessary in this type of agency, where a counselor may be able to see only a few applicants a day. An interview for any kind of job, whether the interview is obtained through a friend, classified advertisement, or an agency, generally requires an appointment. It is important to be on time for your appointment. If you have made an appointment and cannot keep it, or if you will be more than ten minutes late, you should always call the interviewer. If you do cancel the appointment or notify the interviewer that you will be late, you will create a negative impression on your possible employer.