Nuclear power plants

The plan:

 

- Nuclear power plants

 

- Advantages and disadvantages

 
- Developments in the nuclear power plants in Japan.

 
- The situation in the nuclear power plant Fukusima. Radiation continues to go into the environment.

 

- Radioactive tourists from Japan detained. Their things and clothes had to be thrown.

 

- Radioactive water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant has nowhere to go! Only one solution - throw into the sea.

 
-Conclusion. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                   Nuclear power plant

A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity. As of February 2, 2012, there were 439 nuclear power plants in operation.Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations, since fuel is a small part of the cost of production.

In the second half of the 40's., Even before the completion of the development of the first Soviet atomic bomb (her test on August 29, 1949), Soviet scientists began to develop the first draft of peaceful use of nuclear energy, the general direction of which immediately became a power industry. 
In 1948, at the suggestion of Kurchatov and in accordance with the task of the Party and the government first began work on the practical application of atomic energy to generate electricity. 
In May 1950, near the village of Obninsk, Kaluga region, work began on the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant. 
The world's first commercial nuclear power plant of 5 MW was launched June 27, 1954 in the USSR, in the city of Obninsk, located in the Kaluga region. 
In 1979, there was a serious accident at the nuclear power plant Three Mile Island, after which the U.S. stopped building nuclear reactors, plans to build new reactors on the basis of two older plants only in 2017.  
In 1986 - a large-scale disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which, in addition to the immediate consequences, seriously affected the entire nuclear power industry as a whole. She forced experts around the world to overestimate the problem of nuclear power plant safety and to reflect on the need for international cooperation to improve the safety of NPPs. 
The largest nuclear power plant in Europe - Zaporozhye NPP in Energodar (Zaporozhye, Ukraine), construction of which began in 1980. Since 1996, there are 6 units with total capacity of 6 GW. 
The last major nuclear accident occurred in March 2011 in Japan, Fukushima Prefecture. The accident at the Fukushima-1 is due to a major earthquake and ensuing tsunami.

The world leader in nuclear power are: 
U.S. (836 630 000 000 kWh / year), operates 104 nuclear reactors (20% of electricity generation) 
France (439 730 000 000 kWh / year) 
Japan (263 830 000 000 kWh / year) 
Russia (160 040 000 000 kWh / year) 
Korea (142 940 000 000 kWh / year) 
Germany (140 530 000 000 kWh / year). 
 
In the world are 435 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of 370.049 GW, the Russian company "TVEL" supplies fuel for 76 of them (17% of the world market).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                          Advantages and disadvantages 
 
The main advantage - virtually regardless of fuel source due to the small volume of fuel, such as fuel assembly 54 total weight of 41 tons per unit with VVER-1000 in 1-1.5 years. Costs for transportation fuel, as opposed to the traditional, tiny. In Russia, this is particularly important in the European as well as the delivery of coal from Siberia is too expensive. 
 
The great advantage of nuclear power is its relative environmental friendliness. TPPs total annual emissions, which include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ash dust to 1000 MW installed capacity of about 13,000 tonnes a year of gas and up to 165 000 tons of coal-fired thermal power plant . Such emissions at the plant is completely absent. 1,000 MW thermal power plant consumes 8 million tonnes per year of oxygen for the oxidation of the fuel, the plant did not consume oxygen at all. In addition, more specific (per unit of electricity produced) release of radioactive material gives coaling station. In the corner are always contained naturally occurring radioactive material, the burning of coal, they fall almost entirely to the environment. In this case, the specific activity of CHP emissions are several times higher than for nuclear power plants. The only factor in which plant inferior in environmental terms traditional IES - thermal pollution caused by high costs of industrial water for cooling turbine condenser, which is slightly higher in NPP due to the low efficiency (over 35%), but this factor is important for water ecosystems, and modern plant basically have their own man-made reservoir to cooling towers or even cooled. 
For most countries, including Russia, nuclear electricity generation is no more expensive than coal-fired and oil-gas the more thermal power plants. Especially noticeable advantage in nuclear electricity production cost during the so-called energy crisis, which began in early 70's. Falling oil prices reduce the competitiveness of nuclear power plants automatically. 
 
The main drawback of nuclear power - the heavy consequences of accidents, to avoid that plant equipped sophisticated security systems with multiple supplies and standby, except molten core, even in the case of maximum credible accident (local complete transverse rupture of the pipeline circulation loop reactor). 
 
A major problem for nuclear power plants is their liquidation after its service life, it is estimated it could be up to 20% of the cost of their construction.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                  Developments in nuclear power plants in Japan.

March 13 from news agencies started to receive reports that the cooling system has refused to 6 nuclear reactors: the first, second and third at the Fukushima-1, and the first, second and fourth at the Fukushima-2. Apparently, in one of the reactors started melting fuel stations as staff attempted to cool the reactor with sea water. 
    At this point, a safety zone around the plant has been expanded to 20 miles, and had to evacuate 170 thousand people. During the evacuation of 22 people have already showed signs of radiation exposure, and all of the victims were hospitalized. 
    W ere announced preliminary results of the evaluation of flood damage, fires and landslides that have arisen as a result of the earthquake and tsunami. More than 12,000 buildings were destroyed, it is estimated that about a thousand people were killed. 
    According to the IAEA, an emergency was declared in the worst-affected in the earthquake and tsunami of Onagawa nuclear power plant, which is located in the prefecture of Miyagi. Due to the increase of background radiation in the vicinity of nuclear power stations to enter the first (lowest) level of security on a 7-point scale. All three Onagawa nuclear power reactor is under scrutiny of experts, as Japanese authorities have informed the population. The representative of the Japan Meteorological Agency said that in the coming days, the weather conditions will be favorable, and the wind is blowing into the atmosphere of radioactive isotopes into the open ocean.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                               The situation in the Fukushima nuclear power plant. 
                                                   Radiation continues to go into the environment.

Night March 16, 2011 power company Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) gave information that there was a fire at the fourth reactor of the Fukushima nuclear power plant, fire immediately started to extinguish the fire. According to witnesses who were nearby, suddenly appeared above the reactor flames, but the actual cause of fire is not known. 
The operator of the Fukushima nuclear power plant has decided to spray all over the damaged reactor and emergency stations boric acid to avoid the occurrence of a nuclear chain reaction. According to information received from experts, reactor fuel can at any time go into a critical state, that is, it may be a self-sustaining nuclear reaction. Two-thirds of the rods in the first reactor and a third in the second damaged because of a failure of the cooling system. 
The authorities had to quickly suspend the Fukushima to evacuate the station specialists because of a much higher level of radiation. Background radiation is increased to 10 millisieverts per hour, but after a while dropped to 3.4 millisieverts. Secretary General of the Government of Japan has warned that in order to overcome the crisis, you may have to ask for help from the U.S. Army. Later in the day, when the radiation level dropped, the staff went back to the station. Speaking about the reasons for this could have occurred a significant jump in the radiation level, a government spokesperson said that the third reactor shell station damaged after a hydrogen explosion in the building unit. Meanwhile, meteorologists reported that in the coming days is expected to wind, to be classified radioactive substances into the atmosphere, to the Pacific. Definitive conclusions on the impact of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant on the environment on March 16 was not possible, as this would have to have data on the power of the source of contamination.                                                                                                                                                 The Japanese government has requested to send to the Fukushima nuclear power plant water cannons to pour water spent fuel and prevent it from overheating and melting. Earlier it was supposed to lose water in fuel from a helicopter, but greatly increased the level of radiation is not allowed to do so. IAEA chief Yukiya Amano said that the reactor core is damaged on all three existing units and assessed the situation as extremely serious, plan your visit to Japan on March 17. He reminded that the complete destruction of the core will inevitably lead to even more significant release of radioactivity from the reactor. The same day, 16 March, new data about the victims of the devastating tsunami. According to police in Japan, more than four thousand people were killed and 8,600 people were missing, and more than two thousand people have received various injuries, but survived. Thus, the dead and missing people was several times more than the injured. As a result of the same accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant no one died, and only one person had a serious dose.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
                       Radioactive water from the Fukushima nuclear power plant has nowhere to go!             

How many days in the radioactive water came through the crack in the building of the second reactor of Fukushima nuclear power plant, not known for certain, but on April 1 this information became known to the general public. The exact amount of contaminated water that falls into the ocean,could not be determined, but other leaks were found.                                                                                                                                A 3 April Agency "Kyodo" to tell the world that there were the first victims directly on the nuclear power plant. After receiving numerous wounds, died from loss of blood two employees Fukushima. Their bodies were found on March 30. After that, they had to decontaminate, as they spent a long time in a high level of radiation.                                                                                                                                                                     April 4 public was informed that the emergency operator Fukushima is going to drop in a sea of 11.5 thousand tons of radioactive water to make the store a place in the more radioactive water continues to flow from the crack in the second reactor.                                                                                                                     The same day, the Japanese government sought help from Russian specialists. Japanese party in aid asked for the installation of "Lily", specially designed for the treatment of liquid radioactive waste.                                      April 5 began dumping radioactive water into the sea, the inhabitants of which were certainly not from this ecstatic.                                                                                                                                                             April 17 experts Petersen said that the restoration of a stable cooling of the reactors and spent fuel pools, as well as a significant reduction in radiation leak would take three months. Only after this had been evacuated from their homes residents will be able to return home.                                                                                       April 18 crawler robots invaded the first and third reactor Fukushima radiation and took samples.They also appeared in the emergency rooms of power on the eve of April 17, where the measurements made on the ground floors of the reactors.                                                                                                                                    April 21 police discovered that not all residents completed the disposal of governments to evacuate and leave their homes. More than 60 families lost their homes, despite the health risks, and the authorities have responded to this message immediately. Was a complete ban on access to the 20-kilometer zone around the Fukushima nuclear plant. Residents were allowed only two hours to return to their homes to collect the most valuable things, and from each family to the danger zone could only send one representative.                            Only about 48,000 families living within a radius of 30 kilometers from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. THURSO company started to pay compensation to people evacuated from the disaster zone after the accident at the plant. Each family was allocated to 12 million in U.S. dollar terms, and single people were at 9000. These were only the first payment, and the total amount of compensation is planned to define later, after an accurate assessment of the damage.                                                                                                                                                      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conclusion.

Currently, NPP has a huge role in our lives. Every year, more and more companies operating in the design and manufacture of radiation monitoring devices and analytical equipment. To date, we know of a nuclear power plant "Dose", NPP "Source", NPP "measure",NPP "Kashiwazaki-Kariwa" 
In 30 countries, operates 194 nuclear power plants with 437 units with a total electrical capacity of 371,762 MW. Unit 64 are under construction. 140 units are closed, another 3 do not work, but the decision on their final closing is still pending.

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency in 2005, the world's 440 nuclear reactors operated and about thirty of them were under construction or modernization. 
A little less than a quarter of all the reactors are in the U.S. - 104. In France, 59 reactors in Japan - 53, UK - 35. Russia, with its 29 reactors, is fourth on the list, Germany - the fifth (19). South Korea operates 16 reactors in Canada - 14, Ukraine - 13, Sweden - 11. In the other countries, less than ten reactors. In China, for example, they are now only three, but seven new built. In some countries, such as Germany and the UK, there are cases closure of nuclear power plants. France and Sweden have actually imposed a moratorium on the construction of new plants. 
France - the country most dependent on nuclear power, nuclear power plants provide production of 76.4% of its electricity consumption. In second place - Lithuania (73.7%), the third - Belgium (56.8%). Ukraine is at the fifth (47.3%). From the former USSR, in the top of the "atomic" rating are also Armenia (33%), Russia (14.9%). In comparison, Japan by 33.8% dependent on nuclear power, Finland - by 32.1%, Germany - by 30.6%, UK 21.9%, USA - 19.8%, India - by 3.1%. China is the thirtieth place on this list - nuclear energy meets the needs of the country only by 1.2%.

Fukushima - nuclear power plant, located in the Japanese town of Okuma. Is one of the five major nuclear facilities in Japan has undergone a serious threat as a result of the earthquake. 
March 11, 2011 Fukushima seismic sensors registered the first evidence of a massive earthquake in modern Japanese history. The program responded to the signals and start shoot the control rods in three reactors, which worked at the time. 
March 12, the first power plant exploded, resulting in the collapsed part of concrete structures. Cause of the explosion - the formation of hydrogen resulting parotsirkoniev reaction at high temperature and steam quality. The reactor vessel was injured, destroyed the outer shell of reinforced concrete block. Experts said they were discovered isotopes cesium-137 and iodine-131 near the reactor, which indicated that molten fuel rods. The Government of Japan has decided to evacuate the people who were in a radius of 10 km from the Fukushima nuclear power plant. 
Since that terrible day, the situation in Fakume getting worse day by day. Very soon, from a surplus of contaminated water are needed, to empty into the sea. Also, many people suffer from this problem. Known to many and has not recovered. 
The biggest shock was, after scientists discovered a mutation of insects, such as butterflies. Observations of the moth population have shown that in later generations the genetic changes include increasing the number of representatives of the form: if some of the original butterfly caught only 12 percent identified the mutation, among the progeny of these changes were observed already at 18 percent of individuals. 
It must be noted, this is not the first time the detection of mutations in the region of Fukushima Prefecture. In May 2011, near the site of the accident was born earless rabbit. In fish, caught off the coast of Japan, experts have found radioactive cesium in excess of the permitted limit of 25. 
To the greatest happiness, the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima nuclear power plant "does not pull" on the level of danger in comparison with the nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986. International experts also could not name the situation at nuclear power plants in Japan catastrophic, but described it only a "great concern." 
Still, scientists fear of increasing mutation. Indeed, over time, in Chernobyl, began to appear "Chernobylevs mutant people," This is exactly what a huge loss of population. Scientist - Genetics Konovalov rare collection of Chernobyl mutants that are the envy of even the Kunstkammer. In order to show that the consequences of the Chernobyl accident was for many people a much more devastating than the official government professor collected consequences of abortion. In these unborn children can not look without horror. Radioactive radiation disfigured them already in the womb. Fetuses no guts, and limbs. Pathologies weight - sometimes it seems that the mummy of the victims of the Chernobyl accident screaming in terror! Among those still fortunate enough to be born, the cases of mutation is more common than in non-infected areas. 
 We can only hope for the best, not to leave Japan at such a difficult time for them.

 

Thank u for your attention!