Little Mexico, the area was called contemptuously, as sad and filthy a collection of dwellings as had ever been allowed to exist in the west. (Michener)

The use of the auxiliary do in affirmative sentences is a notable emphatic device:

I don't want to look at Sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale. (Erdrich)

So the stylistic potential of the verb is high enough. The major mechanism of creating additional connotations is the transposition of verb forms that brings about the appearance of metaphors of the first and second types.

3.3.6. Affixation and its expressiveness

Unlike Russian the English language does not possess a great variety of word-forming resources.

In Russian we have a very developed system of affixes, with eval¬uative and expressive meanings: diminutive, derogatory, endearing, exaggerating, etc.

Consider such a variety of adjectives малый - маленький - махонь¬кий - малюсенький; большой - большеватый - большущий, преог-ромнейший; плохой - плоховатенький - плохонький. There are no morphological equivalents for these in English.

We can find some evaluative affixes as a remnant of the former morphological system or as a result of borrowing from other languages, such as: weakling, piglet, rivulet, girlie, lambkin, kitchenette.

Diminutive suffixes make up words denoting small dimensions, but also giving them a caressing, jocular or pejorative ring.

These suffixes enable the speaker to communicate his positive or negative evaluation of a person or thing.

The suffix -ianI-ean means 'like someone or something, especially connected with a particular thing, place or person', e. g. the pre-Tolstoyan novel. It also denotes someone skilled in or studying a particular subject: a historian.

The connotations this suffix may convey are positive and it is frequently used with proper names, especially famous in art, literature, music, etc. Such adjectives as Mozartean, Skakespearean, Wagnerian mean like Mozart, Shakespeare, Wagner or in that style.

However some of these adjectives may possess connotations connected with common associations with the work and life of famous people that may have either positive or negative colouring. For instance The Longman Dictionary of the English Language and Culture gives such

definitions of the adjective Dickensian: suggesting Charles Dickens or his writing, e. g. a the old-fashioned, unpleasant dirtiness of Victorian England: Most deputies work two to an office in a space of Dickensian grimness. b the cheerfulness of Victorian amusements and customs: a real Dickensian Christmas.

The suffix -ish is not merely a neutral morpheme meaning a small degree of quality like blue - bluish, but it serves to create 'delicate or tactful' occasional evaluative adjectives - baldish, dullish, biggish. Another meaning is 'belonging or having characteristics of somebody or something'.

Most dictionaries also point out that -ish may show disapproval (self¬ish, snobbish, raffish) and often has a derogatory meaning indicating the bad qualities of something or quahties which are not suitable to what it describes (e.g. mannish in relation to a woman).

Another suffix used similarly is-esque, indicating style, manner, or distinctive character: arabesque, Romanesque. When used with the names of famous people it means 'in the manner or style of this particular person'. Due to its French origin it is considered bookish and associated with exquisite elevated style. Such connotations are implied in adjectives like Dantesque, Turneresque, Kafkaesque.

Most frequently used suffixes of the negative evaluation are: -ard, -ster, -aster, -eer or half-affix -monger, drunkard, scandal-monger, black-marketeer, mobster.

Considering the problem of expressive affixes differentiation should be made between negative affixes such as in-, un-, ir-, поп-, etc. (unbending, irregular, non-profit) and evaluative derogatory affixes. Evaluative affixes with derogatory connotations demonstrate the

speaker's attitude to the phenomenon while negative affixes normally represent objects and phenomena that are either devoid of some quality or do not exist at all (e. g. a non-profit organization has mostly positive connotations).

All these examples show that stylistic potentials of grammatical forms are great enough. Stylistic analysis of a work of art among other things should include the analysis of the grammatical level that enables a student to capture the subtle shades of mood or rhythmical arrangement or the dynamics of the composition.

Synonymy

Synonymy is the semantic relation that holds between two words that can express the same meaning in a given context.

Synonymy is one of linguistics' most controversial problems. The very existence of words called synonyms is disputed by some linguists; the nature and essence of the relationships of these words is hotly debated and treated in quite different ways by the representatives of different linguistic schools.

Even though one may accept this fact or not, we cannot deny that in any language there are words (in some cases their combinations) which clearly develop regular and distinct relationships when used in speech.

The common definition of synonyms as words of the same language having the same meaning is very simple, but unfortunately misleading. Words of the same meaning are useless for communication. Occasionally they can be found in special terminology. These are called total synonyms.

The word hope is in this group the synonymic dominant. It is the most general, native and neutral word. Expectation and anticipation are formal and literary (which is common for the words of Romance origin).

The difference is not just in the level of stylistics. Although all three of them mean "having something in mind which is likely to happen", they differ in collocation. Hope can be used in idiomatic expressions (to lose hope, not: to lose expectation or to lose anticipation!), means belief and desire. Expectation is collocated with both - good and evil; anticipation - something good, pleasurable.

Synonyms may differ:

- in emotional colouring: alone (one, single) - lonely (sad, longing for company);

-in valency: win (a victory, a war) - gain (a victory, not a war!);

- in style: begin (neutral) - commence (literary).

There are words that are similar in meaning only under some specific conditions - contextual synonyms.

Other sources of synonymy are local dialects, regional varieties of English (American, Scottish, etc.), formation of new words, semantic change. Rich sources of synonymy are phrasal verbs.

A source of synonymy also well worthy of note is the so-called euphemism in which by a shift of meaning a word of more or less `pleasant or at least inoffensive connotation' becomes synonymous to one that is harsh, obscene, indelicate or unpleasant. The effect is achieved, because the expression is not so straight, sometimes jocular and usually motivated to some secondary feature of the notion:

E. g. naked=in one's birthday suit;

pregnant=in the family way=in an interesting condition;

drunk=merry=intoxicated;

die=be no more=be gone=lose one's life=breathe one's last=join the silent majority=go the way of all flesh=pass away=be gathered to one's fathers.

Euphemisms always tend to be a source of new synonymic formations, because after a short period of use the new term because after a short period of use the new term becomes so closely connected with the notion that it turns into a word as intolerable as the earlier synonym.