Особенности распространения английского языка в компьютерном мировом пространстве

So the process of the world informatisation does not raise doubts. The rapid distribution of the Internet is a bright example of it. The examples of a programming language made the author to get to the conclusion that the English language forms a certain base for existing programming languages nowadays which is the main factor of modern informatisation.

 

Chapter 3 Loanwords

The main aim of our research is getting out the features of the English language distribution in the computer space. In the previous chapters we have given the concepts of globalisation and have considered the informatisation process as one of its parts. We have made the conclusion of the conclusive role of English language in the modern informatisation. From our point of view a foreign language used in a native language submits to some principles. Particularly we can’t use it in an unchangeable form. The main principle of words transition from one language into the other is loans. In the next chapter we will define the concept of loanwords and give classification of computer loans.

3.1 The definition and the role of loanwords

«The loan is the transition of one language elements in another as result of interaction of languages or the elements transferred from one language into another. The loans can be oral (reproduces the general phonetic shape of a word) or written (when the word transliteration is made). The loan in languages is one of the major factors of their development».

The role of loans in any language is great as they are the integral component of the existing process and the historical change of the language. In addition they are one of the basic sources of replenishment of a lexicon. The borrowed words reflects the facts of ethnic contacts, social, economic and a cultural contact between language groups. The process of loaning underlies language activity.

To become a loan the word which has come from another language should be fixed in the new language, into its dictionary structure. So mastered entered into Russian a lot of foreign words that only linguists know about their origin speaking another language.

 

3.2 The classification of loanwords

There are the various classifications of loans including different ways of formation of loans. But the difference between them is insignificant. During globalisation all processes find the standards and become simpler to be clear to various segment of the population.

The following classification includes principal views of modern loans of English words in the Russian.

1. Importations. The word meets in Russian approximately in the same kind and in the same value, as in the original language: уик-энд - выходные; блэк - чернокожий; мани - деньги. In this case English words add only some synonyms with an original shade in Russian lexicon, but do not add a word with the new meanings.

2. Hybrids. The given words are formed by joining to a foreign root some Russian suffix, prefix or ending. In this case the shade often changes a little. For example: аскать (to ask - to ask), бузить (busy - занятый).

3. Substitution. A word or the expression received by a literal translation of a word speaking another language or an expression. They are the most widespread kind of loans.

4. Partial substitution. A word or the phraseological unit which has arisen by a literal translation of a part of language unit speaking another language with preservation of the rest not translated: Television (English - ‘ tele ’ + English-‘vision ’ in translation).

5. Exotic. Words which characterise specific national customs of other people and are used at the description of the non-russian validity. Distinctive feature of such words is that they have no Russian synonyms. For example: хот-дог (hot-dog), чизбургер (cheeseburger).

6. Foreign words. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but stylistically differ from them and fixed in this or that sphere of communication as the expressive means giving to speech a special expression. For example: о'кей (ОК); вау (Wow!); хай (Hi!).

7. Composites. The words which consist of two English words. For example: секонд-хенд - the shop trading in clothes were in the use; видео-салон - a room for watching films.

8. Jargons. The words which have appeared owing to distortion of any sounds, for example: крезанутый (crazy) - шизанутый.

    

3.3 Loanwords in the area of information technologies

In Chapter 2 we have come to the conclusion that the English language forms a certain base in the modern informatisation. However we mustn’t think that the use of English language is limited by the writing of programmes only.

In Appendixes we have presented the materials which were collected during the analysis of lexicon, presented in various dictionaries in electronic and printing editions, and also questioning, supervision and the analysis of use of the computer among different groups of the population.

From our point of view the use of the computer language can be divided into three groups:

1. Operators of a programming language (the Appendix № 3).

2. Computer terms (the Appendix № 4).

3. Language of computer communication (the Appendix № 5).

We have told about the first group in the second chapter: those are words which are used for a writing of different kinds of programmes.

Except programming the IT experts use some terms for the description of the device of the computer and its use.

Besides English also became a language for the faster communication between people through the computer. In the modern world we often should use the computer in a personal contact. The rates of dialogues increase. It is mostly typical for the youth which prefer to communicate with several friends at the same time, doing something else. In this case English being a mass language becomes clear for many people and it starts to be used in the form of loans. It is necessary to notice that it is not classical English language but a set of loans. So many English words became a part of Russian but not literary language. Such words we often use by communicating through the Internet.

 

So we have defined that loans are an important part of the processes occurring in development of language. The offered classification the loans into groups is represented to be the most convenient for their further analysis.

 

Chapter 4 Features of computer loanwords

According to the classification given in point 3.3 we will carry out the analysis of formation ways of loans in terms of the programming language, usual computer terms, and also features of loans in communication by means of the computer using the Internet.

4.1 Loans in operators of a programming language

The given in the Appendix №3 operators we can call exactly the loans because by means of them we create working computer programs. For each situation we should use the necessary operator. The result of the program work will be also the same if the other algorithm was used but in each certain case it is possible to take only one operator. For example the operator ‘while’ associates at once with a cycle, and there is an operator ‘for’ which connected with a cycle, but used absolutely in other cases. There are other operators of a cycle, but all of them have its own purpose.

The programmers seldom use the translations of operators into Russian (as it is given in the application №3). The IT experts know English rather well and they can translate the operator told by the opponent into English and write it down as a small part of a computer code. But in some situation the translation of the word is too big: for example, the operator ‘else’ must be translated as «в противном случае» or «иначе».it will be easier to say it in English. There are other such words: reject, break, clear, header, insert, basedir, unset, replace, update, include, require select, while. All other operators usually are said in Russian.

So from the given 40 words 13 will be Importations - they will be said as in English but will not be perceived as English - it will be Russian. However extremely little part of programmers communicate with the help of anglicisms. They try to translate the English operator. They use the English equivalent only when it is quicker to say an English word instead of Russian.

4.2 Computer terms.

Computer terms quite on the contrary are full loans. It is the result of some historical processes - all workings out in the field of IT technologies have been created in the west part of Europe and the USA - in the countries with the English language. Such technologies were included into the Russian reality not so long ago as in many other countries. The result is that all similar terms have no Russian equivalents, i.e. keep the phonetic and graphic shape. The table below proves the conclusion.

Table №1

Слово	Английское  слово	Вид заимствования
ИТ (Информационные Технологии)	IT(Information technology)	Substitution
Процессор	processor	Substitution
Материнская плата	motherboard	Composites
Видеокарта	video card	Composites
Жесткий диск	hard disk	Composites
Оперативная память	operative memory	Composites
Кулер	cooler	Substitution
Кластер	cluster	Substitution
Сектор	sector	Substitution
Дискета	diskette	Substitution
Мультимедийная карта	multimedia card	Composites
Звуковая карта	sound card	Composites
Домен	domain	Substitution
Монитор	monitor	Substitution
Микрофон	microphone	Substitution
Камера	camera	Substitution
Локальный	local	Substitution
Браузер	browser	Substitution
Вирус	virus	Substitution
Троян	trojan	Substitution
Скрипт	script	Substitution
Реестр	register	Substitution
Программа	program	Substitution
Виртуальная машина	virtual machine	Composites
Сертификаты	certificates	Substitution
Макросы	macroes	Substitution
Принтер	printer	Substitution
Сканер	scanner	Substitution
Факс	fax	Substitution
Ксерокс	copier	Substitution
Телефон	(tele)Phone	Substitution
Проектор	projector	Substitution
Мыло	mail	Jargons
Пароль	password	Jargons
Логин	login(log in)	Substitution
Аккаунт	account	Substitution
Авторизация	authorisation	Substitution
аутентификация	authentication	Substitution
Активация	activation	Substitution
Продукт - программа со способом распространения-лицензия	product	Substitution

 

Having analysed the loan kinds in this group it is possible to notice that the considerable part of the lexis are the “substitutions”. There is such way of formation, as "composites". In two cases we observe “jargons”.

4.3 Communicative language in the Internet

Table №2

Слово	Значение	Английское  слово	Способ  заимствования
Хай	привет	hi	Foreign words
Фича	необычных признаков какого-либо явления	feature	Jargons
Багфикс	устранение ошибок в  коде программы для правильной работоспособности	bugfix(англ.) =Bug + fix	Substitution
Лаг	задержка прохождения информации между компьютером и компьютерной сетью или сервером, затрудняющая работу в Интернете или игру в компьютерных онлайн-играх.	lag	Substitution

 

 

Гайд	руководство, в котором описана последовательность действий для достижения определенной цели.	guide	Jargons
бб	пока	bye bye (bb)	The first letters of an English word
Найс	прикольно	nice	Substitution
Lol/лол	смеюсь над тобой, неудачник	laughing out loud(смех вслух)	Substitution
Асл	кто такой	asl( age/sex/location)	The first letters of an English word
ЗЫ	P.S	P.S(идентичные символы на раскладе клавиатуры компьютера)	The English symbols on the Russian keyboard
СМСМ/ИМХО	по моему́ скромному мнению	In My Humble Opinion /In My Honest Opinion	The first letters of an English word
Сабж	тема	subj, сокращение от subject	Jargons
Никне́йм	сетевой псевдоним	nickname	Substitution

Офлайн	Вне сети	offline	Substitution
Онла́йн	В сети	online	Substitution
Флуд	Повтор однотипной информации, засорение чата	от неверно произносимого  англ. flood — наводнение, затопление	Substitution
Тро́ллинг	размещение в Интернете провокационных сообщений с целью вызвать конфликты между участниками, взаимные оскорбления	trolling	Substitution
Скайпкаст	Голосовое общения между  группой пользователей программы Skype	skypecast= Skype + broadcasting	Composites
Бан	ограничении каких-либо прав пользователя/ запрет на вход	ban	Substitution
Оверкво́тинг	избыток цитат в тексте	overquoting	Substitution

 

 

 

 

Модера́тор	пользователь, имеющий более широкие права по сравнению с обыкновенными пользователями на общественных сетевых ресурсах(входит в администрацию проекта)	moderor — умеряю, сдерживаю	Substitution
Фотожа́ба	Изменение графики(изображения) с помощью графического редактора	photoshopping/ photoshop contest / photoshop tennis	Composites
Некро́пост	свежее сообщение в  давно заглохшую ветку обсуждения	от греч. νεκρός — мёртвый и англ. post посылать, сообщение	Composites
Личер	пользователь Интернета, пользующийся ресурсами, предоставляемыми другими, но не предлагающий ничего	leech — пиявка + англ. Суф. -er	Substitution

 

 

Флейм	обмен сообщениями в  местах многопользовательского сетевого общения, представляющий собой словесную войну, не имеющую отношения к первоначальной причине спора	flame — огонь, пламя	Substitution
Чат	средство обмена сообщениями по компьютерной сети в режиме реального времени	chat — болтать	Substitution
Коннект	связь с Интернетом	connect	Substitution
Топик	тема	topic — «тема»	Substitution
Аська	Программа обмена мгновенными  сообщениями	ICQ (название компьютерной программы)	Jargons
Юзверь	пользователь	user - пользователь	Jargons
Хомяк	домашняя страница	home Page	Jargons
Гестбук	гостевая книга	guestbook	Substitution
Скайп	Skype - ПО	Skype	Substitution