Генг

For a stained-glass window the cardinal importance has color. In this connection it is necessary to result the basic theories of color. Color of transparent bodies and consequently, and glasses depends on the passed light stream, and opaque – from reflected. Radiation with various length of a wave, i.e. different color, are reflected and absorbed differently depending on properties of a surface from which they are reflected, or properties of the transparent environment through which they pass. Studying of traditions of manufacture of glass will allow showing of the features of art-composite and technological receptions.[2]

In art of a stained-glass window the technological side has fundamental importance which causes development of practical skills, studying of properties of a material, an embodiment of creative plans on the basis of classical technology of art glass, and progress of the advanced modern techniques. Development of stained-glass window art in the Republic of Kazakhstan is connected with accruing interest of the modern designers. If in the past stained-glass windows have been widespread in the countries with rather small quantity of sunny days and the avaricious sun in territory of Kazakhstan - the solar, blossoming, southern country, stained-glass windows take special seat in design of an interior because of enriching with bright light. In Kazakhstan it is totaled more than 2400 "solar" hours in a year.

Today stained-glass window art is promptly developed in the Republic of Kazakhstan. There is an industrial stained-glass window workshop in which it is used modern advanced technologies of stained-glass window art, whether it will be decorative glass-making of the windows, furniture or small souvenirs. Art of a stained-glass window in Kazakhstan has the history, though not such ancient, as in the countries of the Europe and Russia, but original and interesting. Traditions of this art in our country are poorly studied. [3] The majority of stained-glass windows are from the Soviet time. The popular literature on stained-glass windows in Kazakhstan practically is absent, and proceedings do not mention a problem of development and progress of stained-glass window art. The achievements of our time and the last centuries in the field of a stained-glass window as an independent type of the fine arts, the tendency and prospect of its progress - all this became subject matter and an object of research presented by magister dissertation.

The small degree of a level of scrutiny of this subject matter entails absence of the information even among electronic resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In Russia the site uniting all keen stained-glass windows has been created: artists, historians, and critics, it is simple fans and judges of this refined art. In a photo gallery photos of stained-glass windows in a historical retrospective show and works of modern artists have been placed. On a site research papers about stained-glass windows, about history of this type of art, about a role decorative glass-making in design of public and private interiors, lists of the literature in Russian are presented.

    On an announcement board of site visitors can buy, sell or discuss author's stained-glass windows. There is a possibility to master the magic world of glass, to make a stained-glass window by own hands, to receive the information on the centers of training of stained-glass window skill.

It would be desirable to make stained-glass window art of Kazakhstan as bright, especial, and that the most important – demanded and in our country and abroad.

Object of research. Stained-glass window art of Kazakhstan at the end of XX century and at the beginning of XXI century. 

Subject of research. Composite-technological features and the basic tendencies of progress of a stained-glass window in design of an interior and the ex-terrier in Kazakhstan.

Objective of research. Definition of a role of value of stained-glass window in the general picture of progress of the fine arts of Kazakhstan on boundary of ХХ-ХХІ of centuries.

The given objective is realized through the decision of following problems:

-  Studying of bibliographic sources on history and technologies of a stained-glass window.

-  Revealing of main principles and approaches for using of a stained-glass window in a context of traditions and national culture in modern design of Kazakhstan.

-  To define the basic features of a complex of expressive means of stained-glass window of Kazakhstan.

Scientific novelty consists that the author for the first time turns to a problem of studying of works of the stained-glass window art of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Each of stages of progress of the stained-glass window art of Kazakhstan is characterized by unique architecturally-art features, depending on social and economic conditions, achievements of building technique, material and spiritual culture.

Degree of a level of studying subject matter. The significant seat in magister dissertation has been allocated to questions of historical development, a modern practice of use of a stained-glass window in architecture, to technological processes of the stained-glass window manufactures, the author marks, that composite and decorative possibilities of a stained-glass window still more not enough. It is explained not from our sight, first of all absence of uniform analytical system. The isolated character of the saved up information on decorative and composite features of a monumental stained-glass window complicates complex understanding process of its synthesis with architectural space. The majority of sources have a historical-chronological orientation, stained-glass windows are investigated in a context of an accessory of this or that style in art.

The experts, working in the field of architecture and painting, in such researches do not suffice theoretical development, system analytical conclusions. The decision of this problem defines an urgency of progress of stained-glass window business, as independent type of the modern art.

Andri de Moran considers the new opening the archeologists which have enriched our information on ancient civilizations, using work of experts, as well as the bibliography on stained-glass window art in the book « the History of arts and crafts » from the most ancient times up to now at the most.

On examples of stained-glass windows of a soviet-era, as well as reproductions of catalogues the author opens art features of this type of art, as well as on an example of catalogues various modern stained-glass window shops the author shows a direction and progress of a modern stained-glass window.

In significantly greater degree the stained-glass window has been studied in the foreign scientific literature. Such countries as Germany and France till now argue in occasion of superiority in its invention. In the dissertation the material of some foreign publications and editions has been used.

Occurrence of translation editions has essentially enriched the general sight at art of a stained-glass window in recent years. The most significant, in our opinion, work of the American researchers E.Uili and S.Chik « Art of color and decorative glass ».

Interesting, but the incidental reference to history of stained-glass window art has been carried out more often in the editions, devoted to epoch of a gothic style or a modernist style: these are researches of E.I.Rotenberg, O.J.Lyaskovskaya, K.M.Muratova, D.V.Sarabjanov.

It has expanded concept about separate stages of history of a domestic stained-glass window of work of N.N.Kachalov and N.T.Yaglova, as well as publications of E.I.Batanova, N.N.Voronin, N.V.Voronov, I.Holostenko and etc. however in them the problem of understanding of the nature of this art in wider historical context was not put. The first scale generalization of a historical material it has been suggested in E.Minukhin's research "Stained-glass windows", on this edition it has been carried out almost half a century back.

Stained-glass art in second half XX of century assisted understanding of processes of addition works of researchers of monumental art of the Soviet Russia: I.N.Voyekova, S.S.Valerius, V.P.Tolstoy, as well as separate publications in collections “the Soviet monumental art”, “the Soviet art glass” in magazines “Architecture of the USSR”, “the Soviet artist”, “Art”, “Decorative art of the USSR”, “Neva” and etc. however down to the beginning of the 1990 years whether it will be V.Lebedeva's fundamental edition or separate publications in the periodical press (N.V.Voronov, V.P.Statun, S.M.Zhukauskas) – the stained-glass window was considered on advantage in connection with practice of monumental arts.

The stained-glass window shop was firstly opened at the Kazakh National academy of arts named after T. Zhurgenov in 2009 year and it was the essential event which has announced heightened interest to a stained-glass window. And the most interesting creative works of the students executed at stained-glass window shop of the Kazakh National academy of arts were repeatedly participated in various exhibitions and opening days.

The situation which has developed in the field of studying of stained-glass window art as a whole, has put an indispensability before the dissertator to develop the appropriating approach for studying a material and, in particular, to expand a circle of sources, to include researches on technique of manufacturing of a stained-glass window, as well as the general works historical, cultural and cult urological orientations. The dissertator used researches on history of making a glass and manufacturing technology of stained-glass window. The publications of A.A.Karboner, A.G.Lantsetti, M.L.Nesterenko, E.V.Popova, M.A.Tseytlin, V.V.Shmidt, L.V.Kazakova, N.N.Kachalov, E.A.Levinson, T.A.Malinina, J.P.Sergeyev, B.A.Smirnov, B.A.Shelkovnikov, F.S.Entelis have been devoted to various aspects of studying of art glass.

The essential help was rendered with researches, which though and indirectly, assisted more precise understanding of the nature of decorative art, its synthesis with architecture. These are works of A.V.Ikonnikov, S.B.Bazaziyants, G.P.Stepanov, J.J.Gerchuk, E.B.Murina.

The situation of terminological different interpretations in the certain measure was resolved by the works of V.R.Aronov, M.S.Kagan, M.A.Koskov, V.G.Vlasova.

         Prominent aspect of magister dissertation has been the direct reference of the author to an operating stained-glass window art. Studying of creative activity of modern masters, firms and the associations, engaged a stained-glass window, was a basis of the given dissertational research. Such material already gives in to ordering and may be entered into a turn of a modern art criticism science.

Art and decorative works of stained-glass window workshop of faculty “Painting and sculpture”, works from personal collections of students, as well as the stained-glass windows directly located in modern interiors, represented the important art and research material for the dissertator. Numerous personal meetings and conversations with artists, as well as visiting of workshops and supervision for technological process of creation of stained-glass windows have allowed understanding of little-known sides of this art and as whole features of its art practice on a boundary of centuries.

On an example of works of N. M. Vool’s book “Monumental art of Kazakhstan” has essential value for studying of the Soviet period of stained-glass window art in which the author opens art features of this type of art, as well as catalogues, issued by such organizations as "House", «Alkion», «Satglas».

In the dissertation materials of researches were used on history of art of Kazakhstan, these materials have been published in the collection « History of art of Kazakhstan » in which the authors A.S.Galimzhanova, M.B.Glaudinova, T.A.Kishkashbayev, S.A.Shklyayeva, K.K.Muratayev, G.S.Eleukenova, B.K.Barmankulova consider the basic stages of progress of art of Kazakhstan.

On history of an applied art the materials have been constructed owing to researches of archeological materials of known scientists of Kazakhstan A.H. Margulan,  A.K. Akishev, K.M. Baypakov, Z.S. Samashev and etc., as well as russian historians, archeologists S.G. Klyashtorniy, T.I. Sultanova, S.I.Rudenko, N.V. Polosmak and many other scientists.

  “The history of art of the Kazakhs” represents the first attempt of creation of the ordered work connecting all varied links of art culture of Kazakhstan since the most ancient times up to now in set of results of progress of independent ethnic culture of Kazakhs. A basis at creation of the given work which is based on attraction of an extensive circle of works of art became the concept of successive progress of art of Kazakhstan during its thousand-year history It is definition of art-aesthetic originality, originality of ways and laws of formation of art of Kazakhstan since the most ancient times up to now, judgement of successive communication of modern Kazakh culture with traditional cultural wealth. In “History of art of the kazakhs” the capacious characteristic of different stages of progress of culture in territory of Kazakhstan is given whenever possible, sources and an originality of art of a nomadic civilization have been defined, actual strings of world outlook continuity between art of different historical epoch have been investigated.

The methodology and procedure of research has complex character and caused by a choice of an object of research, objectives and problems of work.

Studying of a material in the dissertation is under construction on the basis of application of a method of the scientific analysis, as well as comparative-historical and art criticism approaches. The procedure of work has been defined by principles of studying of an empirical material; bibliographic sources have been investigated also.

Dissertational researches can be as research base for the further development of subject matter of art of a stained-glass window and to be useful at attribution of the works of stained-glass window art.

  Scientific-theoretical and the practical significance of work consists that practical activities of stained-glass shops organized at the Kazakh National academy of arts named after T. Zhurgenov by the author of dissertational research in 2009 and it is the important making creative activity of academy. As a result received researches can be used in different areas of knowledge of art – theories of art, history of art, art criticism, as well as in an aesthetics and cult urology.

The investigated materials can be applied in a curator practice of critics and cult urologists, in creative works of artists; in system of the maximum art formation by development of the State educational standards and in a writing of curriculums, grants, methodical indications, special rates on arts and crafts of Kazakhstan; as well as in a museum practice of researches, share storages, expositions.

  Approbation of research: key points and results are stated in articles and at the international and republican scientifically-practical conferences. Materials of research have been included in the catalogue “Modern lines of art stained-glass windows and mosaics” of 2011 year, devoted to 20years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. “The catalogue of the students’ works” of 2009 year has been also constructed on materials of magister dissertation. Also on faculty of inorganic chemistry at the Kazakh State University researches of structure of paints for stained-glass windows, the analysis of mineral paints have been carried out. Sketches of the students have been provided to firms on manufacture of stained-glass windows for their realization in various materials. On the basis of magister dissertations the management on technique of execution of various types of stained-glass windows will be made.

Structurally dissertational work. Objective of a task in view of research have designated structure of dissertational work. The dissertation will consist of introduction, 2 sections, the conclusion, the list of the used sources, and the appendix with illustrations. The volume of the text is 60 pages, the list of the used sources contains 58 names, the appendix will consist of 81 color and black-and-white reproductions.

 

1. History of origin and development of stained-glass window

 

Origin of stained-glass window

Stained-glass window (from Latin vitrum and French vitre – glass) – unique according to force of the art influence on the spectator and to variety of effects a type of art and decorative work.

N.N. Kachalov marks, that in territory of Starovavilon Empire archeologists regularly find vessels for aromas of the local origin which have been executed in the same technique as Egyptian. The scientist approves that there is all the bases to consider “that in Egypt and in the countries of Asia sources of glass making … are separated from our days by an interval approximately in six thousand years”.

The actuality of the legends narrating about origin of glass making is reduced not so much to historical and ethno geographical aspects which are only indirectly important from the point of view of the theory as to an origin of technology as those as if separated from "accidental" processes of potters’ crafts, and become starting point for creation of a material with new properties - a first step to management of them, and in the further - to comprehension of a structure. There are some versions, one of which on this example attempts to solve the problem: what there is a glass? - N.N.Kachalov offers “... To measure this timeframe from occurrence of irrigation ceramics or in general any silicate products. Any glaze fixed on clay or in general silicate crock, according to structure represents glass, and the most realistic version of opening of glass as independent material contacts supervision of the person above processes of ceramic technology.

The author for the first time turns to a problem of studying of a stained-glass window in Kazakhstan. The idea of an exhibition can have successive character as its participants – students from different regions of republic and in the further, having finished academy, they can open new workshops of a national stained-glass window countrywide. The stained-glass window is a special, unique type of art which causes the increasing interest, both at artists, and at the refined fans of an original interior.

     The important sources about stained-glass windows of XX century are catalogues and the index manufactory catalogue of the building exhibitions which are spent in Kazakhstan in 2009 year, as well as the description of art-industrial exhibitions in which the Academy of arts named after T. Zhurgenov took part, organized by the author magister dissertation. Therefore the subject matter of the dissertation is not accidental. Besides special periodicals of the end of XX century have served as sources for the given work: newspapers, the magazines shining as a whole an art life of our country, containing a material describing the art industry. Unlike the Russian Federation when during 2009-2011 years extensive special articles were devoted for stained-glass window art, the kazakh stained-glass window still waits for the researcher.

The works of the students pass our concepts and ideals to the future generations. It requires limiting strictness, precise definition of the civic stand and full self-feedback from the students. Different types of monumental painting have been presented in works of students. Stained-glass window art has been as new for monumental art at our academy..

In 2008 year on the basis of faculty the workshop of art glass has been created within the precincts of which students with advantage master technologies of creation of a stained-glass window.

Due to active support of a management of academy stained-glass window workshop has been equipped by the equipment and technique. On the 31^st of March 2009, according to the results of work of a workshop the small exhibition was organized which became the beginning of an embodiment of art ideas.    

As result in 2010 year the first adequate exhibition of art glass has been opened in which not only students, but also teachers took part.. The exposition represented the first, but very interesting works executed within the limits of modern lines in technique “fusion” and “tiffany”.

For us, artists of stained-glass window art of academy, prime objective is development of practical skills of performance of works on a material, and as a result is an embodiment of creative plans. Besides on the basis of classical technology of art glass, it is possible to achieve progress of the advanced modern technique and as result is design and creation of stained-glass windows on various technologies in modern national style on the basis of own technical base.

The problems of my magister dissertation include the following: to give the characteristic of the basic features of a stained-glass window as type of decorative art, the retrospective analysis of the "classical" periods of progress of stained – glass window art, the analysis of the reasons for its demand in culture of different times, revealing and the analysis of the basic stages of progress of stained-glass window art in Kazakhstan and abroad, studying of a specific character of this type of art, to use traditional and innovative practical activities for development of stained-glass window art at the Kazakh national academy of arts named after T. Zhurgenov.

 

 

Conclusion

                                                

The stained-glass window once again has found actuality for the present time. As well as all in the world, it has revived on a new coil of the progress and not simply repeats that is considered achievement of the past by the right, but also creates new leaning on modern technologies. And now it would be desirable to clear a question on why it happens that attracts an interest to this type of art and how it is realized in a modern interior in Kazakhstan. In fact having understood it, we can state the sight for and try to embody it. And having touched art, we develop, we are spiritually enriched and we grow.

In spite of the fact that glass is known since the most ancient times and finds wide application practically in all areas of human activity, the nature of glass conditions, understanding of processes of making a glass at atom-molecular level are distant from creation of the theory of glass conditions similar to theory on the generality of a crystal condition. Hot discussions by definition of concept “glass condition” are reflected in works of such persons as Andri de Moran, N.N.Kachalov, A.Lukas, evidently showing complexity of a solved problem.

Historical retrospective journey shows, that the stained-glass window becomes "operating" art phenomenon only under condition of its demand in culture and experiences the periods of blossoming then when the culture requires meaning allegories. In a gothic style it there were allegories of golour light connected with cult idea, in a modernist style with the secular beginning.