Шпаргалка по "Теории и практике перевода"

 

II. The Ukrainian Official Transliteration System for Personal Names in Ukrainian Passports – was adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers in 2007 (on 26 of June?).

 

According to this system:

The Ukrainian letters Г and Г’ are transliterated as  G

Є – Ie   (irrespective of the position)                   І – I                           Щ - Shch

Ю – Iu   (irrespective of the position)                  Ї – I                           Ь – is not transliterated (ignored)

Я – Ia    (irrespective of the position)                   Й – I                         ’ – is not transliterated (ignored)

 

 

20. THE TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS

 

The translator’s false friends are words and expressions which have similar form but different meaning in the SL and in the TL. Their formal similarity is deceptive (оманлива) and may lead to translation mistakes.

 

The translator’s false friends are divided into 2  groups:

1. words similar in form but absolutely different in meaning (The Eng. magazine and the Ukr. магазин, lunatic - лунатик)
2. words similar in form but partially different in meaning (student–студент,учень,той,хто чимось цікавиться(of); bank – банк, берег (річки))

 

The translator’s false friends are not interchangeable due to the following factors:

 

1. the semantic factor which results from different historical development of such words in the SL and in the TL

minister – священик, посланник, член уряду

 

2. the stylistic factor which results from the difference in connotation (an ability to evoke negative/positive emotion) of such words in the SL and in the TL

ambitious - амбітний (The Eng. ambitious is positive and the Ukr. амбітний – used to be/was negative )

3. The colocability factor/ valency factor which results from the difference in combinability rules in the SL and the TL

defects – дефекти (The Eng. defects and the Ukr. дефекти – defects in the election campaign – прорахунки/ помилки у виборчій кампанії, but not дефекти)

 

4. The pragmatic factor which results from the difference in background knowledge in the SL and the TL speech communities

American Revolution – війна за незалежність США

coup d’etat – державний переворот

 

aspirant – кандидат, претендент

presidential ~ - кандидат на посаду президента

orale – бойовий дух

velvet – оксамит

the Emancipation Proclamation – Декл. про скасув. рабства

the Am. Revolution – Війна за незал. в Америці

Premier – прем’єр

~ Khrushchev – голова СРСР, генсек..(бо перед прізвищем)

the Cuban Missile Crisis – Карибська криза

 accord – угода, згода

Dutch – голландський

adept – знавець, експерт

ammunition – боєприпаси

decade – десятиріччя, 10 років

census – перепис населення

intelligence – інтелект, розум, розвідка

integrity – чесність

extravagant – непомірний, марнотратний (і екстрав.)

militia – ополчення, ополченці

assembly – зібрання (і асамблея)

pathetic – жалюгідний

partisan – упереджений, завзятий

invalid – недійсний, той,що немає законної сили

guerilla – партизан, повстанець

catholic – різносторонній

execution – страта

 

21. Neologisms

 

22. TRANSLATION OF UNITS OF SPECIFIC NATIONAL LEXICON  (РЕАЛІЇ)

 

Units of specific national lexicon – are words and phrases standing for (що означають) specific national phenomena, namely notions of material and spiritual life. They are: customs and traditions (Thanksgiving Day, Ivana Kupala), administrative and political systems (Verkhovna Rada, Congress, primaries), public bodies (назви партій), monetary systems (hryvnia, dollar), clothes (vyshyvanka), food (varenyky), drinks (Horilka), systems of weights and measures (English mile, Ukrainian verstva, pud), proper names (Klychko, Sergii) etc.

In the course of time such words may get the status of internationalisms, if they are important for communication (Coca-Cola, jeans, vodka, champagne, whisky, pizza).

 

Taking into account various peculiarities of meaning and form of units of specific national lexicon, several ways of conveying their meaning can be distinguished:

 

1. transcription/ transliteration (if the meaning of these units of specific national lexicon is already familiar to the translation receptor and does not require any additional explanation):

   Lord – лорд

   Гривня – Hryvnia

 

2. transcription/ transliteration and description (when the unit of specific national lexicon is introduced in the TL for the 1st time or it is not yet known to the general public; the explanation may be given either in the TT or in a footnote):

   Tower of London – Лондонська фортеця Тауер

   Downing Street – резиденція прем’єр-міністра Великобританії на Даунінг стріт

   Хрещатик – Khreshchatyk (the main street of Kyiv)

   вареники – varenyky (dumplings/ a traditional Ukrainian dish)

 

3. description only (when transcription/ transliteration is not helpful or could bring about unnecessary ambiguity (двозначність, неясність):

   The Union Jack – державний прапор Великобританії

   стати на рушник – to get married

 

4. word-for-word translation and additional explanation (description) (due to the complexity of meaning):

   Inner Cabinet – внутрішній кабінет (кабінет у вузькому складі, до якого входять керівники найважливіших міністерств)

  The Gulf War – війна у Перській затоці

 

5. word-for-word translation (when constituents have transparent lexical meaning):

   колгосп – collective farm

   стінгазета – wall newspaper

   орден Ярослава Мудрого – Yaroslav the Wise Order

 

6. translation by means of semantic analogies (TL units analogous or similar in meaning):

   Князь – prince, диплома робота – graduation essay/project

   Mr – пан                     miss – панна

   Mrs – пані                  ms /miz/ - звернення до жінки, не зважаючи на те чи має вона чоловіка

 

Ex. Wall Street – Волл-Стріт, Уолл-Стріт/-стріт

 Threadneedle Street – Третнідл-стріт (вулиця банків)

 The Diamond State – Діамантовий штат, штат Делавер

The Lone-Star State – штат самотньої зірки, штат Техас

The Depression – Велика депресія

 

 

23. TRANSLATION OF phraseological units  (IDIOMS)

 

Phraseological units – are structurally (не можна міняти місцями, бо втрачається смисл), lexically (якщо брати синонім, значення не зберігається) and semantically (утв. значення в цілому як заг. одиниця, єдине ціле) stable language units (word-combinations or sentences), the meaning of which is not made up by the sum of meanings of their component parts.

Ph. units can’t be freely made up in speech but they are reproduced as ready-made units (готові).

 

Taking into account various peculiarities of meaning and form of ph.units, several ways of rendering their meaning can be distinguished:

 

1. By choosing absolute or complete equivalents

This is the method of translating when every componential part of the SL idiom is retained unchanged in the TL. This method works when an idiom originates from Greek or other mythology (Augean stables – авгієві стайні, Pandora’s box – скринька пандори), ancient history or literature (to cross the Rubicon - перейти Рубікон), the Holy Scripture (a lost sheep – заблудла вівця), literary or historical sources (the fifth column – п’ята колона) or any other language (Eng. time is money – час-гроші, Fr. after us the deluge – після нас хоч потоп), also some expressions belonging to English and American writers and politicians (the cold war – холодна війна, iron curtain – залізна завіса)  

 

2. Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents

A considerable number of ph.units originating in the SL and the TL from a common source may have one or more of their components different.

Ex. baker’s dozen – чортова дюжина

    as pale as paper – блідий як стіна

    love is the mother of love – любов породжує любов

   measure twice, cut once – сім раз одміряй, один раз одріж

 

3. Translation by choosing (genuine idiomatic) analogies

A number of SL ph.units have idiomatic analogies in the TL. As a rule these ph.units are based on different images and may have quite different structures. Nevertheless such units are very close in their meaning and may be used interchangeably in the process of translation. Usually these are proverbs and sayings. A number of such ph.units may have several/ two or more analogies in the TL.

Ex. like mistress, like maid – яблуко від яблуні недалеко падає

      don’t teach your grandmother to suck eggs – не вчи вченого, не вчи рибу плавати, яйця курку не вчать

 

4.  Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies

? Some idioms may have a peculiar nature of their componental parts and there is no genuine phraseological analogies for the units in the TL. Therefore the lexical meaning can be expressed by means of approximate analogies or in a descriptive way. These analogies are slightly similar to the SL but no less picturesque (to lose one’s breath – кидати слова на вітер, to come off scot free – вийти сухим з води).

_Some SL ph.units are only partly/partially similar in their meaning to certain TL idioms. So they can be used interchangeable as translation equivalents only in certain contexts.

Ex. to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth (means to be born lucky) – народитися в сорочці, під щасливою зіркою (=поталанило)

            (тобто значення частково співпадають, обмежено використ.)

      a jack of all trades (but master of nons) (negative meaning) – майстер на всі руки (positive meaning)

 

5. Descriptive translating of ph.units

The meaning of a considerable number of ph.units can be rendered only in descriptive way.

Depending on the complexity of meaning of the SL idiom, it can be expressed in the TL in following ways:

• by single word (to pall and peal – грабувати, to go aloft – померти)
• with the help of word-combination or sentence (to shoot Niagara – вдаватися до ризикованих дій, well-day – час між приступами хвороби)

 

Ex. a kid-glove policy – поміркована, обережна пол.-ка

scorched-earth policy – пол.-ка випаленої землі (коли відходять)

wait-and-see policy – пол.-ка очікування

to play politics – вести пол. гру (нечесну)

dollar diplomacy – дипломатія долара

carrot and stick diplomacy – дипломатія батога та пряника

the common touch – вміння спілкування з народом (про великих)

to strike the middle ground – погоджуватись, іти на компроміс

 

24-26. – COMPLEX SUBJECT, OBJECT

 

27-29. TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

 

The process of translation may be viewed as a number of manipulations with the form or content of the original (SLText) as a result of which the translator creates the TLText.

Translation transformations are operations with the SLT aimed at conveying its meaning with maximum (-al) faithfulness in strict compliance with the standards of the TL.

The type of the operation/ transformation is identified by comparing the SLT and the TLT.

Translation transformations may be classified according to different criteria. These classifications offer an overlap and are rather conventional.

 

I group – imitation translation transformations are characterized by imitation of the form of a SL word /word group in the TL.

This group includes:

 

1) transcription (phonetic imitation) – is a substitution of sounds in the process of translation, i.e. (that is to say) the replacement of SL sounds with the corresponding sounds of the TL.

   New-Castle – Нью-Касл

   impeachment – імпічмент

   leader –  лідер

 

2) transliteration (graphic imitation) – the substitution of letters in the process of translation, i.e. the replacement of SL letters with the corresponding letters of the TL.

   London – Лондон  (but not Ландан)

   Dublin - Дублін

   club - клуб

Transcription and transliteration are often used to translate proper names, including geographical names, streets, the names of newspapers and magazines, as well as internationalisms, neologisms and units of specific national lexicon.

   Bush – Буш

   General Motors – Дженерал Моторс

   The Financial Times – Файнєншал Таймс

   gaydar – гейдар

In recent decades there has been a tendency to transcribe rather then transliterate proper names.

 

3) loan translation (ways of translation equivalent-lacking units) – калькування, запозичення - is the creation of words and word-combinations from the material (of=) available in the TL but according to SL patterns by way of word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme translation.

    organized crime – організована злочинність

    world market – світовий ринок

    The United Nations Organization – Організація Об’єднаних Націй

    колхоз – collective farm (kolkhoz)

    superpfofit – надприбуток (morpheme-for-morpheme translation)

    superpower – наддержава (morpheme-for-morpheme translation)

Loan translation is used to translate proper names, internationalisms, neologisms and units of specific national lexicon.

    Richard the Lionheart(ed) – Річард Левине серце (Річард - transliteration)

    Chingachgook the Big Serpent – Чінгачгук Великий змій (Chingachgook – transliteration from one of the native American languages)

In loan translation the word order of a word-combination may be changed.

    The United Nations Organization – Організація Об’єднаних Націй (ООН, but not ОНО)

    The World Trade Organization – Світова Організація Торгівлі (СОТ, but not СТО)

Transcription and transliteration may go together with loan translation.

    petrodollar – нафтодолар

    superpower – суперсила (супер - transliteration, сила – калька=loan translation)

 

II group – Lexical translation transformations involve various/ different/ certain semantic changes.

This group includes:

 

• Specialization (конкретизація, уточнення) – is the choice of a more specific TL word or word-combination, which gives a more detailed description of the notion designated to be the SL unit.

It is frequently used in the English-Ukrainian translation because English often uses/ makes use of general terms/ words to describe quite definite notions.

   to say/ tell – сказати, заявити, зазначити, зауважити…

   to come – приходити, підходити, підбігати…

   to go – йти, їхати, пливти, летіти…

   meal – сніданок (замість прийом їжі)

   рука – hand (частина руки)

   My bedroom was changed. And I was to lie a long way off. – Моєї спальні вже не було. І я змушений був спати/ночувати в іншому кінці дому

 

• Generalization (узагальнення) – is the use of an equivalent with a more general meaning.

This transformation is more often used in the Ukrainian-English translation.

   заявити – to say

   дарувати – to give (She was given a box of chocolate.)

   hand – рука (частина руки)

   I packed my two Gladstones. – Я спакував мої дві валізи. (Gladstone – фірма, що виробляє валізи)

   (p.s. Gladstones – щасливі камінчики (loan translation), - Гладстоунз (transcription)

   (т.ч. відомі торгові марки не перекладаються, а транскрибуються, ex. Rolex - Ролекс)

 

• Modulation (засіб змістового розвитку) – is the creation of an equivalent by logical deducing its meaning from the SL unit.

The window was full of clothes I wouldn’t want to be seen dead in. – У вітрині було повно одягу, у якому я б не хотіла навіть лежати у труні.

A fiesta of tropical bounds – свято латиноамериканської музики (свято – generalization, латиноамер. музики – логічно вивели=modulation)

 

• Addition (додавання) – is the introduction of some additional lexical components to the TL text.

He began a new book. – Він почав читати/ писати/ перекладати нову книгу (додавання нового слова, не конкретизація)

oil countries – країни-експортери нафти

They signed a cease(-)fire. – Вони підписали договір про припинення вогню.

 

• Omission (випущення, вилучення) – is the reduction of some excessive elements in the process of translation.

Я себе добре почуваю. – I feel well.

договір про припинення вогню – cease-fire

pollution and environmental damage – шкода, завдана навколишньому середовищу (pollution – omission, завдана - addition)

bold and courageous struggle – мужня боротьба (т.я. це синоніми, для англ.мови це х-терно=>1 слово слід випустити, будь-яке)

 

III group – Grammatical translation transformations involve various grammatical changes.

 

This group includes:

 

1) Transposition (перестановка) – is the rearrangement of language units in the TLT in comparison with their arrangement in the SLT.

    Вчора на вечірці я з класним хлопцем познайомилась. – I met a great guy at the party yesterday/ Yesterday I met a great guy at the party.

The most common case of transposition is the change of the word order in a sentence or rearrangement of clauses.

   Russian President signed a limited partnership agreement in Rome on Friday.

   – У п’ятницю в Римі Президент Росії підписав угоду про обмежене партнерство.

   З того часу, як закінчилась війна в Перській затоці іракські курди прагнуть незалежності.

   – The Iraqi Kurds have been striving for/ seeking (for) independence since the Gulf war ended.

3. Substitution (заміна) – is the change of grammatical units in the process of translation. It includes:

 

1. The change of the grammatical form of a word.

Я люблю полуницю. – I like strawberries. (here the Ukrainian word полуниця used in the singular corresponds to/ is translated as the English word strawberries, used in the plural)

outskirts – околиця, окраїна, передмістя. On the outskirts – У передмісті.

money – гроші

Mr. Bush says – Буш заявив (here the English verb says used in the Present may be translated as the Ukrainian verb заявив used in the Past).

 

2. The change of the part of speech.

The Ukrainian President – Президент України (here the English adjective Ukrainian is translated as/ corresponds to the Ukr. noun України).

Я мало їм. – I am a light eater.

 

3. The change of the parts of a sentence/ of the syntactical function.

В заяві йдеться – The statement says (Here the Ukrainian adverbial modifier в заяві is translated as the English subject statement).

The terrorist was killed by a/the US Marine. – Терориста вбив американський морський піхотинець.              subject – підмет

(Here the English subject terrorist is translated as/ corresponds to the Ukrainian object терориста)             predicate – присудок

(Here the English object Marine corresponds to the Ukrainian subject піхотинець)                        object – додаток, attribute – означення                                                                                                                                              adverbial modifier – обставина