Коммуникативные стратегии и тактики одобрения

Эти два типа моделей диалогического взаимодействия реализуются в языковой структуре диалога, при анализе которой в первой модели нужно идентифицировать интенциональное состояние партнеров в терминах их целей, а во второй модели ограничиться только информацией (по принципу ее релевантности). Более частные модели диалога представляют отдельные этапы речевого взаимодействия (начало, сам процесс, окончание, оценка, изменение или влияние, принятие решения).

          Принимая во внимание различные подходы к определению дискурса, под «художественным дискурсом» мы предлагаем понимать социокультурное взаимодействие между писателем и читателем, вовлекающее в свою сферу культурные, эстетические, социальные ценности, энциклопедические знания, знания о мире и отношение к действительности, систему убеждений, представлений, верований, чувств и представляющее собой попытку изменить духовное пространство человека и вызвать у него определенную эмоциональную реакцию.  

        Основываясь на вышесказанном, мы можем сделать вывод, что коммуникативная стратегия «одобрение» характерна для кооперативного диалога.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                    

 

      Глава 2. Лексические способы выражения коммуникативной стратегии и тактики одобрения в кооперативных диалогах художественного дискурса

Ознакомившись с несколькими  классификациями коммуникативных  стратегий и тактик общения, которые  многие ученые выделяют в рамках кооперативных диалогов, мы, в свою очередь в настоящей работе предлагаем обратиться к коммуникативной стратегии «одобрение», как к одному из наиболее часто применяющихся способов кооперации.

Нами было рассмотрено, проанализировано и обработано более 100 примеров, собранных на материале произведения Cecelia Ahern «P. S I Love You».

 Прежде, чем перейти к непосредственному анализу отобранных нами примеров, нам представляется необходимым дать определение коммуникативной стратегии одобрения. Коммуникативная стратегия одобрения – это выраженное в вербальной форме признание хорошим, правильным, допустимым какого-либо действия объекта одобрения согласно нормам, согласно нормам установленным в данном обществе, или собственным убеждениям говорящего.

В процессе анализа нами было выявлено 14 основных лексических  формул, которые служат для вербального  выражения коммуникативной стратегии  одобрения. В каждой формуле мы нашли  ключевой элемент, дали его определение, подходящее функции одобрения и, в итоге, сделали вывод, верны ли наши гипотезы.

Исходя из данного  нами определения коммуникативной  стратегии одобрения, в качестве гипотезы нашего анализа и исследования мы сформулировали следующие положения

- для лексического  выражения коммуникативной стратегии «одобрение» в английском языке адресантом будут использоваться лексические единицы с положительной коннотацией;

- в диалогах, тактической  целью которых является реализация  стратегии «одобрение», отсутствует  лексика с отрицательной окраской;

- нам представляется возможным, что в результате анализа кооперативных диалогов рассматриваемого произведения мы сможем выявить комплекс лексических единиц, являющихся наиболее продуктивными при реализации коммуникативной стратегии "одобрение".

Прежде, чем перейти к непосредственному анализу отобранных нами примеров, нам представляется необходимым дать определение коммуникативной стратегии «одобрение».

            1)that's a great (idea/news)

Мы считаем, что в  данном словосочетании ключевым является «great». Толковый словарь предлагает следующее определение этого слова: great - very good; excellent [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, great – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

а) «So let us know when you want to make an appointment, it's valid for a year, and the rest of us can book the same time. Make a holiday out of it!”

“Oh, that's a great idea, Denise, thank you!»

б) «Oh Holly, I'm so in love!” she giggled childishly again.

“In love? But you only met him a few weeks ago!”

“Oh I don't care; it only takes a minute . . . as the saying goes.”

“Wow, Denise . . . I don't know what to say!”

“Tell me how great it is!”

“Yeah . . . wow . . . I mean . . . of course . . . it's really great news.

 в) “I'm trying John,” Holly sobbed as hot tears rolled down her cheeks.

“I know you are.” He leaned forward and grabbed her hands. “But Sharon needs you. Avoiding

the situation isn't going to help anyone or anything.”

“But I went for a job interview today,” she sobbed childishly.

John tried to hide his smile. “That's great news, Holly. And how did it go?”

 г) “I think I'll go home now, though,” Holly said, glancing at her watch and thinking about the final message from Gerry. Her heart sank.

“Good idea,” Sharon agreed. “I didn't realize how shite this ball was when you're sober.”

д) “I think that's very boring of you all.”

“No, I mean what do you think about the ad?”

“Yeah sure, that's a good idea.”

  2) Good answer, Good thinking, Good choice, Sounds good, Good point

В данных фразах ключевым словом является слово « good».

 good - having the required qualities; of a high standard [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, good – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

          а) You are both correct,” Holly asserted. “I am shopping for ideas and I need you both.”

«Ha-ha! Good answer,” they both agreed for once.»

б) «I'll have a sparkling water, please.”

“Nothing stronger?” He raised his eyebrows. His smile was infectious; it seemed to reach from

ear to ear.“No, I better not or I'll be drunk by the time everyone gets here.”

“Good thinking,” he agreed and reached behind him to the fridge to retrieve the bottled water.

в) August is a good month,” she agreed with him. “Would you like a sea view or a pool view?

The sea view is an extra thirty euro,”  she added quickly.

He stared into space with a smile on his face as though he were already there. “A sea view, please.”

“Good choice. Can I take your name and address, please?”

г) “OK, so my idea is to go

ahead with the family dinner but to invite friends as well so that it can actually be an enjoyable night. What do you think?”

“Sounds good,” Holly agreed.

д) “I told you we should have come earlier,” Denise moaned.

“Well then, we would just be waiting at the boarding gate for the same amount of time,” reasoned Holly.

“Yeah, but at least there's a bar there,” explained Denise, “and it's the only place in this entire stupid building that us smoker freaks can smoke in,” she mumbled.

“Good point,” Holly thought aloud.

3) I'm so proud of you

Ключевой элемент proud of - feeling deep pleasure or satisfaction as a result of one’s own achievements, qualities, or possessions or those of someone with whom one is closely associated [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, мы можем сделать вывод, что данный ключевой элемент является выражением коммуникативной стратегии одобрения, целью которой является выразить положительное отношение, удовлетворение и одобрение действий или достижений говорящего.

  а) The DJ took the microphone from her hand and managed to say between laughs, “Please give it up for the incredibly brave Holly Kennedy!”

This time her family and friends were the only people to cheer. Denise and Sharon approached her with cheeks wet from tears of laughter.

“I'm so proud of you!” Sharon said, throwing her arms around Holly's neck.

          4) That's great 

great - informal very good; excellent [http://oxforddictionaries.com/ ], следовательно, good – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

а)OK, well, I won't keep you very long then. The details are that we're all meeting up in Hogan's on Wednesday night to watch it, so you're welcome to come.”

“That's great . . . OK.” Sharon pretended to take her details.

 б) “Denise, are you forgetting that I met him already?” Holly interrupted her in the middle of a story about how Tom had saved a child from drowning.

“Yeah, I know you have, but I would rather you meet him when you're not acting like a demented woman hiding in toilets and shouting into microphones.”

“Look forward to it then . . .”

“Yeah, cool, it's gonna be great! I've never been to my own premiere before!” she said excitedly.

в) Holly totted up the figures and told him.

“Hmm. . . ,” he said, thinking. “I'll have to think about it, but I'll definitely go for the November edition.”

“Oh, that's great! You'll be a millionaire after this goes to print.”

“I better be,” he laughed. “By the way, there's a launch party for some new drink coming up next week. Can I put your name down for an invite?”

г) . “By the way, there's a launch party for some new drink coming up

next week. Can I put your name down for an invite?”

“Yeah, that would be great. What new drink is it?”

“Blue Rock, it's called. It's a new Alco pop drink that's apparently going to be huge.

д) “What's the idea?”

“Well, you know Hogan's around the corner?”

Chris nodded.

“Well, I was just on to the owner and he's going to place an ad in the magazine.”

“That's great, but I hope you don't tell me about every time you fill a space, we could be here all year.”

е) . Elizabeth wrapped her arm around her daughter and gave her a kiss on the cheek.

“Well, I thought it was great,” announced Jack enthusiastically.

ж) She realized there were people far worse off than she, and the fact that Gerry's parents had bumped into her and Daniel walking out of a restaurant seemed like such a stupid thing to worry about.

“Oh Declan, that was excellent,” she said, drying her eyes when it had finished.

5)That's cool (idea)

В данной фразе ключевым словом является «cool». Обратясь к толовому словарю, мы получаем следующее определение данной языковой единицы cool - used to express acceptance of or agreement with something [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, cool – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

 а) Hello, Casuals, Holly here. I know I'm not supposed to call you at work but I just wanted to tell you that Declan's documentary won some student award thingy and it's gonna be aired on Wednesday night.”

“Oh, that's so cool, Holly! Are we gonna be in it?” she asked excitedly

 б) “He has a point.” Holly added, “Tell you what, why don't we have a barbecue? That way Dad can be in his element and it won't be so expensive.”

“Hey, that's a cool idea!” Ciara screamed away from the phone once again, “Dad, what about having a barbecue?”

There was a silence.

в) Holly grimaced and held her head in her hands. “Oh it was awful, Sharon. I made a total fool of myself.”

“Really?” Sharon giggled. “What was the job?”

“Selling advertising space for that magazine, X.”

“Ooh, that's cool, I read that at work all the time.”

 г) “Attractive photo, Ciara. Mum, you must get that framed for over the fireplace,” Holly joked.

     “Yeah!” Ciara's eyes lit up as the thought hit her. “That would be a cool idea.”

6) Brilliant

Мы считаем, что данный пример является ключевым, так как он несет положительное значение. Толковый словарь предлагает следующее определение этого слова brilliant- informal excellent; marvellous [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, brilliant- лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику и представлена в речи в форме простого неполного предложения (положительная оценка действия).

          а)“Daniel, it's me,” she said quickly.

“Would you ever leave me alone,” he teased.

“No, I need help.”

“I know you do, but I'm not qualified for that,” he laughed.

“No seriously, I mentioned that launch to my editor and he wants to cover it.”

“Oh brilliant. You can forget about that ad so!” he laughed.

б) Daniel had kindly offered Club Diva as the venue so they could watch it on the big wall screen. Holly was excited for her brother and rang Sharon and Denise to let them know the good news.

“Oh, this is brill news, Holly!” Sharon whispered excitedly

7) Good for you

Мы считаем, что в данном примере следует считать ключевой полностью взятую фразу «Good for you». Толковый словарь дает следующее определение данного слова good for you - be very beneficial to someone or something [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, good for you – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

а)“Oh, we're just about to go in there,” the man said, smiling. “It's a shame we just missed you, we could have eaten together.”

“Yes, yes it's a shame . . .”

“Well, good for you anyway,” the woman said, patting her on the back.

8) Well done

Данная фраза является ярким примером коммуникативной стратегии одобрения. well done - carried out successfully or satisfactorily [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, well done – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение

         а) “Well, Chris, I'm really much more interested in the advertising side of things.”

“Oh, of course, and I will pay you more for this too. But if we are ever stuck again, at least I know I have another talented writer on the team. Well done, Holly.” He grinned at her and held out his hand.

б) “Mmm . . . well, if you're ever looking for a job, you know where to come,” Daniel said after taking a gulp of his pint. “You did a good job.”

в) Holly called Chris out of his office and he came out to join them, a broad grin on his face.

“Well done, Alice; that was a fantastic article you wrote. It was very amusing,” he told her with a pat on the shoulder.

9) Good of you

В данном примере, мы полагаем, что будет правильно считать ключевой полностью взятую фразу « good for you». Толковый словарь предлагает нам следующее определение данной фразы good of you - possessing or displaying moral virtue (showing kindness) [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, good of you – лексическая единица с положительной коннотацией, дающая описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

а)“Hello Sharon, hello John, hi Denise . . . oh gosh!” Her face might actually have gone whiter under her streaky fake-tanned face, but Holly couldn't be sure. “Oh hello, Holly, it's so good of you to come considering . . .” She trailed off and quickly flicked through the guest list to tick off their names.

       

 10) Sure

Ключевой элемент sure - completely confident that one is right [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, sure - языковая единица, несущая положительную эмоциональную окраску, следовательно, она употребляется только в кооперативных диалогах, так как не вступает в противоречие.

         a)“Ha-ha,” John replied dryly. “Well, he kept his word anyway, didn't he?” John looked to both of the girls with a smile on his face.

“He sure did,” Holly said quietly.

б) “Mum, tell us about the time when you were a little girl during the famine and the spuds were gone,” Jack said, putting on an exaggerated Irish accent.

Elizabeth hit him across the head playfully with the tea towel. “Ah, sure 'tis years before my time, son.”

“Sure 'tis true,” said Jack.

в) “Attractive photo, Ciara. Mum, you must get that framed for over the fireplace,” Holly joked.

“Yeah!” Ciara's eyes lit up as the thought hit her. “That would be a cool idea.”

“Sure darling, I'll just take down the one of you making your Holy Communion and replace it with that,” Elizabeth said sarcastically.

г) “Sound check go OK?” He pressed him for more information.

“There were a few problems but we sorted them out.”

“So everything's OK?”

“Sure.”

д) “Could I have this dance?” A hand appeared before her and she looked up to see Daniel smiling down on her.

“Sure.” She smiled and took his hand.

         11) Wonderful/ Beautiful /Perfect (idea)

Ключевые элементы beautiful - pleasing the senses or mind aesthetically, wonderful - inspiring delight, pleasure, or admiration; extremely good; marvelous, perfect - having all the required or desirable elements, qualities, or characteristics; as good as it is possible to be [http://oxforddictionaries.com/], следовательно, beautiful, wonderful, perfect – лексические единицы с положительной коннотацией, дающие описываемому объекту или собеседнику положительную характеристику, действительно выражающую одобрение.

         a) “Well, I would worry if Jack gave me something like that,” she said, opening Abbey's present.

“Oh, Abbey, it's beautiful!” Holly said, holding up the sterling silver–covered photo album.

б) “OK, it's a really complicated story, but basically Gerry entered my name in months ago because he really wanted me to do it, and as much as I don't want to do it, I feel I have to go through with it. It's stupid, I know.”

Ciara stopped laughing abruptly.

Holly felt paranoid with her family staring at her, and she nervously tucked her hair behind her

ears.

“Well, I think that's a wonderful idea,” her dad suddenly announced.

 “Oh, it's perfect,” she said, wrapping her arms around Abbey and squeezing her. “Thank you.”

в) “Well, that's a wonderful life story, Daniel.”

“Nothing special, but a life all the same.” He returned her smile.

г) “Myself and Tom are getting married!” Denise squealed, and Holly's hands flew up to her mouth in shock. She did not see that one coming.

“Oh Denise!” she gasped, and walked around the table to hug them. “That's wonderful news!