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Сегодня нет науки, полностью изолированные от другими областями знаний и стилистика тесно связана с таких смежных дисциплин, как теория информации, литературы, психологии, логики, статистика и так далее. В соответствии с различными принципами классификации стилистика подразделяются на следующие сорта - стилистика языка и стилистики речи, linguostylistics и литературных стилистики, стилистики автора и читателя или стилистика декодирования и кодирования. Один из развивающихся отраслей стилистика сравнительная стилистика, в которой изучаются возможности или 2 более языков.
Стилистика 23.10.2006 12:41
Стилистика – 2 Functional style 23.10.2006 12:41
Семинар 1 Scientific prose style 23.10.2006 12:41
Стилистика Scientific Prose Style 23.10.2006 12:41
Expressive means and stylistic devices 23.10.2006 12:41
Seminar 2 Newspaper style 23.10.2006 12:41
Seminar 3 Publicistic style 23.10.2006 12:41
Stylistic syntax 10/23/06 12:41 PM
Literary text as a poetic structure 10/23/06 12:41 PM
Стилитика анггл языка Арнольд
Гальперин
ВА Кухаренко Seminars in Style
The Subject matter of stylistics
Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics the principles and categories of which have been moire or less definitely outlined. It deals mainly with 2 independent tasks –
1) investigation of the inventory of the special language means which secure the desirable effect of the utterance.
The investigation of certain types of texts which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of communication.
The first field of investigation – that is stylistic devices and expressive *means – touches upon such general problems as the esthetic function of language, synonymy, emotional coloring in language, the interrelation between language and thought, the individual manner of the author in making use of language and so on.
The 2nd field – that is functional styles – is connected with such most general linguistic issues as oral and written varieties of language, the notion of the literary language, and so on.
Nowadays, no science is entirely isolated from other domains of knowledge and stylistics is closely connected with such adjacent disciplines as theory of information, literature, psychology, logic, statistics and so on. According to different principles of classification stylistics is subdivided into the following varieties – stylistics of language and stylistics of speech, linguostylistics and literary stylistics, stylistics of the author and of the reader or stylistics of decoding and encoding. One of the developing branches of stylistics is comparative stylistics, which studies the potentialities of 2 or more languages.
Stylistics of language studies the specific features of language subsystems or functional styles characterized by special lexical phraseological and grammatical means on the 1 hand, and expressive, emotional and evaluative properties of lang means on the other hand.
Stylistics of speech investigates how separate real texts convey a message relying not only on the laws of grammar and stylistics but on the meaningful deviations from these norms as well. The main principles of linguostylistics were outlined by Charles Bally, an outstanding French linguist.
According to him, linguostylistics compares the national norm with special language subsystems that is functional styles and dialects. And exists as functional stylistics. And it investigates language elements. From the point of view from their ability to express and evoke emotions, additional associations and evaluation. Charles Bally worked out and introduced into practice the principle of identification, which consists in comparing the elements of the text under analysis with the elements logically equivalent to it but stylistically and emotionally neutral. the aim of literary stylistics is to study the subtotal of artistic expressive means typical of this or that artistic text, author, literary school or epoch. Linguostylistics and literary stylistics are closely connected as the former conserves the basis for the latter.
Literary stylistics is in its turn extensively connected with the theory of literature. Artistic literature is studied by hundreds of disciplines and studies – aesthetics, psychology, theory of literature, linguistics and so on. Each of these disciplines has its own specific tasks, approaches, methods and categories that all of them are interrelated.
The aim of literary stylistics is to give a deep insight into the author's individual poetic method and here literary stylistics depends on another adjacent disciplines.
Linguostylistics and literary stylistics may be subdivided according to the accepted in stylistics hierarchy of linguistic levels. There is no uniformity of views concerning the inventory of linguistic levels. But the following ones are most often distinguished –
Phonetic
Lexical
Morphological
Syntactical
levels. Accordingly, stylistic lexicology studies stylistic function of words, the interaction of direct and indirect meanings, the contextual meaning of words, expressive , emotional and evaluative potentialities of words and their stylistic references, stylistic potentialities of phraseology and word building process.
Stylistic morphology describes stylistic potentiality of different grammatical categories – case, number, tense – and the classes of words. Stylistic syntax is concerned with the expressive potentialities of word order, different types of sentence structure and syntactic types. It also investigates special syntactical expressive means and specific features of supraphrasal units and paragraphs.
Stylistic phonetics embraces all the phenomena of sound arrangement and instrumentation of both prose and verse – rhythm, rhyme,alliteration and so on. Along with their formal characteristics, linguistic units have meanings. Meanings are investigated and described by a branch of liguistics called semantics of semaseology. Certain scholars say that meaning make an independent level – semantic level. But some think that this matter is not valid because meanings are not material unlike linguistic units of other levels and meanings are not levelforming as they are not attached to only 1 level but corellate with all of them. Stylisticvs is closely connected with another discipline – theory of information. The term Information itself which has now become part of the terminological system of styulistics is borrowed from the theory of information. While describing and interpreting a text stylistically one should bear in mind that information contained in it may be of 2 types – primary and secondary. Primary is not connected with the circumstances of the communicative act. It is meaning as such, the subject matter of communication. Additional or secondary information is connected with the participants and circumstances of the communicative act. The difference between these 2 types of information may be used as the opposition between the denotative and connotative meanings of the word. The denotative meaning of the word is associated with the concept, the connotative meaning includes several components – emotional, expressive, evaluative and stylistic. They reflect the speaker;s attitude to what the speaker has said, his approvel and disapproval, his cultural, educational, social status, age, emotional background. The opposition between the denotative and connotative meanings may be treated proceeding from the functions of any language.
Functions of the language serve as manifestations of its natural essence and admit of different interpretations. There are some points of view concerning their number and meaning. Thus, Some scholars distinguish communicative, cognitive, emotive, and metalinguistic functions of the language.
These basic primary functions are inseparably connected with a number of secondary ones, fe – volatative, phatics – necessary to initiate a conversation, poetic, aesthetic.
The information of the first type is associated with the communicative function of the language. The information of the 2nd type is cpnnected with all the other functions = emotive, pragmatic, phatic, aesthetic.
The aim of stylistic analysis and interpretation is to study the interaction between the logical, denotative content of the message – primary information, with the secondary information. It is necessary to emphasize that the distinction between the types of information, denotative and connotative meanings, the objective and the subjective in the utterance, is made only for the sake of analysis. In reality they form a single whole representing different aspects of one and the same phenomenon.
The approach chosen to stylistic analysis by Arnold is to a great extent based on the application of the theory of information to linguistics. Stylistics of decoding treats a text or an utterance as a message containing information encoded by the author and meant to be decoded by the rteader or by the speaker. The linguostylistic analysis combined with the procedures of literary stylistics, is aimed at decoding the information in its fullness.
Varieties of language. The functioning of the literary language in various spheres of communication has resulted in its differentiation. The actual situation of communication has evolved 2 varieties of language – the spoken and the written. Diachronically, the spoken is primary, and the written is secondary. Each of these varieties has developed its own features and qualities which in many ways may be regarded as opposed to each other. The spoken variety differs from the written language phonetically, morphologically, lexically, and syntactically.
The most striking difference between the spoken and written language is in the vocabulary used. In the spoken variety we observe the use of words and phrases typically colloquial than intensifying words, the insertion into the utterance of words that are called fill-ups or empty words (…and all). The syntactical peculiarities of the spoken language are constructions which have missing elements, the tendency to use the direct word order in questions and to omit the auxiliary verbs, the use of unfinished sentences (if you behave like that I'll), the use of syntactical structures with the tautological subject (Helen, she was here).
Distinction should also be made between the literary or standard or the NATIONAL language. The national language is the creation of the people on the whole. It is opposed to other national languages and to the languages of other human communities. The literary language is the elaborated form or variety of the national language which obeys definite morphological, phonetic, syntactical, lexical and phraseological norms, recognized as standard and therefore acceptable in all kinds and types of discourse.
According to its cultural and social status, the literary language is opposed to territorial varieties of the language, ie dialects, socialects and popular speech. There is no hard and fast division between the literary and non-literary language, cuz they are independent. The development of the literary language is marked by the process of selection. The real creator of the literary form is the people who is the actual law-giver of the norms. Scientists and men of letters only fix what has already been established by general use. The gap between the literary and non-literary English became wide in the 18th century. In the 19th century literary English demonstrated a more or less firmly established differentiation of styles. Thus, the dichotomy of written and oral speech which manifests itself in the gap between the literary and non-literary forms led way to a cluster of varieties within the literary language that is to stratification into different styles.
The Norm
The notion of the norm mainly refers to the literary language And ALWAYS presupposes a recognized, received standard. The norm is the invariant of the phonemic, morphological, lexical patterns circulating in speech at a given period of time. The development of every literary language shows that the variants will always center around the invariant forms. Different norms, for various types and styles of language do not exclude the existence of the invariant. There are 2 conflicting tendencies in the process of establishing the norm. The 1st one is the preservation of the already existing norm and 2nd is the introduction of the new norms not yet firmly established. The norm is composed of the subtotal of generally accepted traditional forms in which the structure of language is realized. By the structure of language we mean the system of interrelated and interdependent constituents in which the elements of lower levels serve to build the elements of higher levels. The abstract language structure finds its realization in a collection of traditions and rules accepted at a given period that is the norm. The norm can be realized only in speech. Thus the existance of the norm presupposes the existence of the following oppositions – structure\norm\individual speech
National norm\dialect, neutral style\colloquial\bookish style, literary speech\popular speech\written speech. Each of them is based on its own norm. Thus the norm includes different subsystems of the structural realization.
One of the objects of lingual stylistics is the study of the functional styles. The word style is used in so many senses that it has become a breeding ground for ambiguity. The term individual style can be applied to that sphere of ling science that deals with the peculiarities of a writer's individual manner, of using language means to achieve the effect he desires. Individual style is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices which makes the writers works easily recognizable. The term style may be used in the meaning of «technique of expression». It is also widely used in literature to signify the literary genre. In stylistics, the term style is used in the meaning «functional style». FS is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. The FS are included in the literary system of the language. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily predetermined by the aim of communication. The result of it is the existence of a more or less closed system.
Galperin one of the outstandling scholars on the field of stylistics, distinguishes
the following FS -
FS are the products of the development of the written language variety. Each FS may be characterized by a number of distinctive features – leading or subordinate, constant or changing, obligatory or optional. Each FS is subdivided in a number of substyles. They represent varieties of the abstract invariant. Each variety has basic features common to all varieties of the given FS, and peculiar features, typical of this variety alone.
Substyles of the 5 FS given above:
The language of BL
Publicistic
Newspapers
Scientific prose
Official docs
This classification is not proof against criticism. The classification of FS is not a simple matter and any discussion may reflect more than one angle of vision. Thus, for example, some stylicists consider that newspaper articles should be classed under the FS of newspaper language.
Professot Budagov singles out only 2 main FS. – The language of science, and the language of emotive literature. IV Arnold distinguishes 3 main members of the opposition – colloq, bookish style and neutral style. The term neutral is not a happy one because it implies the style in which style features are absent. It serves as the background for perceiving pronounced stylistic peculiarities. Colloquial English includes 3 varieties:
But some scientists think that popular speech can not be considered a FS since any style implies some choice but the person using this type of speech has NO choice.
The group of bookish styles comprises the following FS:
The group of bookish styles has no territorial varieties and has a pronounced national and traditional character.
One of the controversial problems of classification of FS is the place of the language of fiction within this classification some scholars (Galperin Budagov) think that the belle lettres style does exist as a separate FS.\
Vinogradov, Arnold and other scholars do not include this style in the classification of the FS. According to their point of view, artistic literature is an individual creation of a writer or a poet who resort to all the subsystems of the literary language with its FS and regional varieties and to those varieties that are not included into the norm.
Thus an artistic text is a peculiar conglomeration of all the lang varieties, a peculiar reflection of the national language. In conclusion it should be noted that the category of FS is a historical category. Different styles singled out in different historical periods.
Изучить особенности научногостиля и исп в худ лит
Для анализа – Stephen Leacock New Pathology
Benchley – why do we love and do we
Любой отрывок из нпаучной фантастики
reference books also refer to the scientific prose style
reduced to summing up and passing oin the objective information – disclising laws, creating new concepts
expressivities first are used but then are incorporated into the structure as terms.
The phatic function is not realized as the style exists mostly in the written varieties.
The aesthetic function is optional but may be present perceived by the rare professional
When used outside of the stylistical prose, its features become stylistically charged.
New Pathology
Lexical level
We can observe the discrepancy between the matter and the manner – the form and the message. Like in Any deviation from the norm, there is stylistic relevance, making the text satirical, ironical.
Alongside with the neutral vocab, we observe the author's pseudo terms adding to the satirical flavor.
Why we laugh or do we?
Distinctive features of any FS depend on its social purpose and the combination of functions of language prevailing in the act of communication. That is on the sphere and the aims of communication. It is generally accepted that the communicative and the cognitive func-s of the language are realized in scientific prose. All the rest are optional.
The rest of the science follows the following aims – to prove the hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose laws and relations between the different phenomena and so on.
This style exists in the forms of a scientific article, a dissertation, a scientific report, a textbook, and so on.
The style-forming factors of this FS are – objectivity, precision, unemotional and traditional character of writing, absence of individuality, logical consistency. Striving for the more generalized form of expression. Style forming factors – predetermine concrete linguistic features of a style.
The level of vocabulary. The most noticeable lexical features of the style are