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На современном этапе СМИ в России это совокупность предприятий, учреждений и организаций, занимающихся сбором, обработкой и распространением массовой информации по каналам печатной продукции, радио, телевидения, кинематографа, звуко- и видеозаписей. СМИ и связанные с ними новейшие информационные и компьютерные технологии, в том числе и все более внедряющийся в быт россиян Интернет, используемые в политической сфере, могут способствовать расширению возможностей реального участия самых широких слоев населения в политическом процессе. СМИ вводят человека в мир политики, тех политических ценностей, которые становятся господствующими с точки зрения государственной власти. При этом сам процесс ввода информации направлен на формирование у различных групп граждан хотя бы минимума согласия по основным вопросам государственной политической стратегии. Являясь фактором формирования политической культуры, СМИ выступает в качестве наиболее эффективного инструмента познания человеком мира политики.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ………………………………………………………………………………...3
1. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN MASS MEDIA …………………..7
1.1. Russian mass media as the tool of democracy ………………………………...7
1.2. The Russian law on mass-media of 1991 ……………………………….……..8
1.3. Disputes around of the new law and returning of censorship ……………….10
1.4. Strengthening the rights of mass-media and their restriction ………………..12
2. MASS-MEDIA IN RUSSIA AFTER 2013 ……………………………………………..14
2.1. Role of the state in becoming of mass media …………………………………14
2.2. Latent forms of the state intervention …………………………………………..15
2.3. Monitoring by authority of regional editions ………………………………….. 17
2.4. Necessity of changes for sphere of mass media …………………………….…. 18
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ……………………………………………………………………….... …20
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ…………
2. MASS-MEDIA IN RUSSIA AFTER 2013
«In becoming of mass-media in Russia as a tool of democracy the major role belongs to the state. Therefore the state doctrine is necessary concerning mass media. In this doctrine it is necessary to define precisely, that the state institutes from mass-media as want the tool of becoming of a democratic society,» professor of the Moscow State University, the doctor of sociological sciences M.P. Bocharov said. At the same time he noted, that in a society in ten years of democracy occurs reconsideration of democracy and of the role of mass media. Mass media as the tool of democracy is that that have made to promote formation of the main tool of democracy - the civil society.
Certainly, the TV in new market conditions remains the major resource. According to statistics, 91 % of the population of the country the watch TV every day. Every second person in Russia switch on TV as soon as enters into the house. 55 % have TV at home. So it is possible to say that TV is a fundamental instrument of life-support, which alongside with "paper" mass media gives representation about significant persons, treatment of an economic and political situation, representation about social values, priorities, habits, stereotypes, myths. But today mass media do not solve with this problem.
Problems existing today in sphere of mass-media are based on the fact that the state, having declared about freedom of press, in practice constantly interferes with activity of mass media, does not give an opportunity of high-grade development of independent mass-media. This intervention is expressed in an ambiguity of legislative formulations, in an establishment of discrimination tax installations for objectionable mass media.
From the point of view of a principle of leadership of the right there exist three basic attributes of the estimation of language of the laws concerning to mass-media: 1) simplicity and clearness, 2) a way of distribution, 3) availability. In the United States the idea of simplicity and clearness is fixed in the doctrine, which says, that the law has no validity in case of his vagueness. One example from practice of the Russian mass media shows us the situation in our country. According to law №191 from 1.12.95 “About the state support of mass media», editorial, publishing on manufacture … newspaper production are released from the tax to the added cost. On the basis of the specified laws the State Tax Service has issued the instruction for the divisions in which "deciphers" positions of laws: «Can be released from taxation on the added cost а) revolutions on realization of production of mass media; б) the means acting from advertisers-customers also are not assessed on the added cost ». Comparing to the positions of laws and instructions, the unequivocal conclusion arises: tax specialists got to know, that gathering by edition of means from advertisers-customers is editorial activity on manufacture by newspaper production. As gathering and publication of announcements of physical persons is precisely the same activity for edition, as gathering and publication of advertising (authors of announcements are physical persons and legal persons differ only), the edition found lawful to not assess the VAT as well the means, which have acted from physical persons.
In spite of existing of judicial precedents, strangely enough, that acceptance of other, opposite decisions was not affected. Here is important that the author of clause in «the Russian newspaper» writes that it is possible to prove, that neither balances of the enterprises, nor announcements of employment also are not assessed with the VAT. But judiciary practice in Russia is extremely ambiguous.
It is even easier to manipulate mass media at a local level because officials have almost unlimited the circle of their opportunities. Such opportunities open many ways in manipulation the laws, which have been not directed, literally, against the maintenance, but at the seeming neutrality in relation to the maintenance actually giving an opportunity to influence decision-making process by editors of mass media.
The attempts to restrain freedom of press were undertaken during the last years. One of the last was the initiative of Legislative assembly of the Nizhniy Novgorod area about modification in clause 16 «the Law on mass-media». The changes concern increasing of the responsibility of mass media for the insult of honour and advantage of physical persons. As the new edition declare, any citizen can start an action and insist on liquidation of this or that mass media which during a year touched his honour and advantage, giving to the public the false data. Thus the facts of such behaviour of mass media should be confirmed with court. Chairman of Legislative assembly Dmitry Bednjakov noted, that this initiative starts to be effective more and more because of the professionalism at mass media that frequently is not sufficient. In spite of the fact that the last edition of clause 16 precisely enough registers the order of the termination or stay of activity of mass media, the next attempt is done to restrain more mass media in their rights, to put in dependence practically on any person. There is no doubt, that the State Duma that will give advantages for elimination of objectionable editions could accept this addition. It is necessary to hope only, that deputies of the State Duma are more democratic to reject the specified initiative of the Nizhniy Novgorod members of parliament.
When the Russian mass media just started to come to the senses after the shock events of the middle of 90th years, The August default of 1998 burst. Practically on the order the price for paper grew, the advertising market fell. The press again appeared in an economic hole. It was necessary to use the advantage of political forces to buy up mass media, to receive control above them. It’s known, that the control carry out basically powerful political or economic groups. But as the "big" economy is inseparable from a policy and it is necessary to speak only about political control.
There are the data showing, that in each of regions of Russia there are newspapers (from one and more). From them 67 (79,8 % of regional newspapers) or directly are founded (and, accordingly, are financed) by municipal institutions of local government, or with participation of a share of the municipal property. Nine newspapers (10,7 % from the general number) represent the industrial enterprises or groups of the industrial enterprises. And only six newspapers (7 % from the general number of regional press) are private.
Thus, if to start with a parcel, that free mass media - the tool of democracy, then in the whole country (not considering mega cities) there’s no more democracy today than seven percent.
2.4. Necessity of changes for sphere of mass media
Today the distribution of mass information gradually becomes a unique sphere of enterprise activity (certainly, the question is the notorious seven percent of private newspapers). However in this sphere successful private enterprises are compelled to compete to the unprofitable monsters founded by the state authorities and management. The budgetary funds directed on a covering of losses of mass-media, for example, in Mordovia, can be comparable to charges on all youth policy, all cultures and all sports, taken together. A similar situation can be found in other regions. For example, in budget of area of Nizhniy Novgorod in 2002 it was planned to allocate 36 million 114 thousand rubles on the maintenance of mass media while, for example, on development of physical culture and sports this year the area has planned to exhaust 34821 thousand rubles. And the comparison of charges of the regional budget shows, that, for example, in 2000 on mass media it was spent 947 thousand rubles (the excess from planned was 349 %) while on major overhaul to structures of housing and communal services of area it is allocated 777 thousand rubles (it is financed from the plan of 9,06 % of percent), under clause "physical culture" - 55 thousand rubles (are financed only 20 % from the plan). And at the same time it is necessary to mention, that despite of financial injections, the state and municipal mass media do not consult with the problems, the main of which is the formation of public opinion. Nowadays the state mass media can assert any interests that are necessary to satisfy, but not the interests of the state. Basically public funds are spent for the protection of quite concrete private interests of officials. That one pre-election campaign ИБ lead to the Mordovian mass-media «All Russia» when the only propaganda number of the newspaper «News of Mordovia» was issued by circulation in thousands of copies though usual circulation is necessary in some thousands only.
There are arguments against the deprivation of the state and municipal mass media of state grants: there should be the newspapers reflecting the point of view of authorities. Journalists of the newspapers, deprived grants, will stay without work. Closing of any mass media is the pressure upon a freedom of speech. At the present stage all the existing and possible arguments are quite fair because there is nothing to object on similar socialist demagogy. The fact, that the state press doesn’t exist in really democratic countries, and, probably, never existed, will not convince officials.
Grants of the state press are the money, which has been spent in vein. Editorial collectives got used to getting some money state that made them nonprofessional, in editions there is no economic planning, debts for municipal services, rent, polygraphist services grew. The position on the market of advertising is very weak. Popularity among readers is low. In editions there is no elementary management, nobody thinks of minimization of expenses (alternative distribution, minimization of expenses on the stage of preparation, an optimum, flexible, stimulating payment, etc.) As an example it is possible to compare today's circulations of the private and state newspapers. The difference in circulation as a parameter of popularity among readers, confirms everything that was said before.
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Государственная политика, существующая сегодня в России в сфере средств массовой информации, неэффективна, не стимулирует возникновение бесплатных, независимых выпусков. Отсутствие свободной прессы как инструмент демократии не способствует развитию подлинной демократии в стране, особенно на местах отдалённых от центра. Отдельные независимые выпуски не могут затронуть в полной мере политическую ситуацию в стране. Система средств массовой информации, существующих сегодня, служит в основном интересам чиновников, политических сил и олигархов (включая региональный уровень), служит инструментом борьбы за власть, устранение нежелательных соперников в сфере политики и большого бизнеса. Государство и муниципальные гранты в частных средствах массовой информации тормозят развитие соревнования в этой сфере, не способствуйте возникновению профессиональных журналистов и случению с рынком средств массовой информации как сферы бизнеса. Судебная система в целом несовершенна, это отрицательно отражается и в деятельности средств массовой информации.
Считается, что для совместного развития СМИ и политики необходимы следующие действия:
1. Дальнейшее совершенство
2. Приватизация в сфере печатных средств массовой информации, особенно на местах. Государственная программа на приватизации местных выпусков, постепенной ликвидации газет, слияние.
3. Программа на подготовке в
выше образовательные
4. Введение конкурентоспособной
системы распределения
5. Универсальное создание союзов, ассоциации свободных, независимых средств массовой информации для объединенного решения о существующих проблемах в этой сфере.
6. Популяризация на федеральном
уровне системы свободных
7. Пересмотр налоговой политики
относительно средств массовой
информации, запрет (до административных,
уголовных санкций) неблагоразумное
давление на средства массовой
информации со стороны
8. Поддержка (включая увеличение выводов из бюджета более высоких организаций) те предметы и муниципальные формирования, где создание свободных, независимых средств массовой информации поощрено.
9. Восстановление системы
При условии реализации этих
предложений увеличение
Удовлетворение информационных потребностей аудитории необходимо для включения в число целей средств массовой информации как средства цели для достижения другого, а именно, административных проблем массового влияния.
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