History of Hockey

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КАФЕДРА ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

 

РЕФЕРАТ

По дисциплине «английский язык»

 

History of Hockey.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Студент

Группа ЭД-143      Александр Викторович Иванов

Преподаватель

ст. преподаватель  Александр Анатольевич Селютин

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Челябинск 2013

 

 

 

Сontent

 

1. Entry………………………………………………………………………3
2. Birth hockey……………………………...…………………………….....3
3. Hockey in Canada…………………………………………………………6
4. What is hockey…………………………………………………………...10
5. Rules of the game……………………………………………………….14
6. Tech game……………………………………………………………….16
7. Physical fitness hockey…………………………………………………19
8. Children and youth hockey in Canada…………………………………21
9. Bibliography…………………………………………………………….22

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Entry

Hockey is often called the sport of space velocities. Puck flying over the area , rush hockey players , the attack succeeds the attack, one or the other goalkeeper parries the strongest throws. And again - go ahead , to assault the opponent's goal . The game is faster , every 40 - 50 seconds replacing . It is difficult to keep track of the puck , and the rates are increasing , and there seems to be a limit to them ..

Enormous speed hockey stars , and yet most incomprehensible in this game - the players speed tactical thinking , the ability to instantly understand the ever-changing situations and take the best and most unexpected opponent decision.

Sharpness and strength - it is not rude, and inalienable , mandatory physical training touches versatile hockey player. rules of the game are fair and the most sobering hotheads . That is why in the farewell match before coach often warns: " Cruelty within the rules "

Thirst for battle, thirst for victory excites, inspires , stimulates and boosts emotional outburst most cold-blooded . And if not passion, not temperamental collision of characters confrontation courage, will and self-esteem , does not seem to hockey without all this little - bit deflating ? Is not he would lose some of its emotional appeal ? But all these skirmishes on the field - no settling of accounts . Hockey players rivals, but not enemies . Respect for the opponent never let hockey player to lead the fight unfair .

 

2 . Birth hockey.

Where and when was born hockey? The exact answer to this question and have probably will not. There is evidence that games resembling hockey existed since ancient times . Assumed that they were born back in Persia, where once there was polo. The ancient Greeks also had a game resembling hockey, which was even included in the Olympic program . It was called " freyninda " In Athens, the famous wall reliefs of Themistocles , which is more than 2400 years shows young people who play that is very similar to modern field hockey.

In a game played in the XVI-XVII centuries in England and France . In the Netherlands, there was a game with a ball on the ice - " bandy ." Even knew such a game in China five and a half centuries ago. Hockey fights and fond of the ancient Indians . Evidence of this are the murals exhibited at the National Museum of Anthropology Mexico City. They depict athletes playing small ball curved sticks. Some sources claim that the birth of hockey due to the extreme north of the lives of Indians of America , who competed on the ice in a game with sticks . Discoverers of the New World called it " aysreket ."

And if recourse to linguists , we can learn that the word " hockey " - French origin . " Hoke " - so French name sounds crook with a curved handle.

But most historians agree that the game was born in Canada, more than a hundred years ago. According to one of the statements beginning this game was supposed to , when about 1867 British soldiers played into something resembling a modern ice hockey frozen surface area of ​​Kingston in Ontario . On the right to be the birthplace of ice hockey in Montreal and Kingston claim . First hockey rules students created the University of Montreal in 1875, there was held the first match March 3, 1875 at the rink "Victoria" Both teams participated from 9 athletes. Rules of the game is a bizarre , but very promising mixture of field hockey and rugby football. Used instead of a puck halved ball field hockey . Later it was replaced by a wooden , and then hard rubber disc. And all through the 10 years in Kingston existed Hockey League .

Of course , the former hockey only mind was similar to modern. Was not the equipment , the players did not use helmets , was not invented goalie mask . Even at the gate was not mesh. Hockey has been slower tactically monotonous. There was crushing throws dizzying tricks , skillful combat power . Swirl the pace when athletes have time to give everything in less than a minute was then unthinkable . Quite a long time in the teams were nine players. It took a lot of time in the conditions of the game was introduced significant clause - the team can have on the site no more than six players

In 1890 was organized by the Ontario Hockey League , which consisted of 10 teams . In 1893, Governor General of Canada, Lord Stanley 's Cup for the best established Canadian team . Until 1910 this prize - it was called the Stanley Cup - played both amateurs and professionals , speakers , so to speak , in mixed teams . In 1917 was formed National Hockey League (NHL) , uniting all Canadian professional teams . And seven years later , in 1924, to Canadians in the NHL and is now the first American team from Boston.

In Europe, the Canadian Hockey brought students at the beginning of XX century. Despite the fact that friendlies between hockey players and hockey players in Canada European countries (England , Germany, Belgium , Switzerland) came to an end , usually with a " narrow the " account ( in most cases, even with a two-digit ) interest in hockey grew . In 1906, representatives of France, Belgium , the Czech Republic and Switzerland, was organized by the International Hockey League . In 1910, the first championship was played Old World. It participated in the UK national teams ( she won ) , Germany, Belgium and Switzerland. The first world championship, which brought in official competition the strongest teams of the Old and the New World, was held in Antwerp (Belgium ) in 1920, during the VII Olympic Games . Winners , naturally , became Canadians . In 1924 at the Olympic tournament in Shamponi (France), later recognized second world championship advantage Canadians looked even more overwhelming than four years ago. By 1954 , when she made her debut in the World Cup team of the USSR , Canadians dominant in world hockey , had on his account for fifteen highest titles (out of twenty possible ) . Twice world champions became Czechoslovak ice hockey players and on time - prefabricated UK, USA and Sweden. Such was the balance of power in world hockey by 1954 .

 

 

 

 

 

3 . Hockey in Canada.

Ice hockey shape as a sports game in Canada , but his "father " had a ball game and sticks on the ice , popular in Holland XYI-XYII centuries. Ice hockey, similar to modern hockey with a ball , was one of the favorite games of the Dutch. Evidenced by the numerous engravings and paintings by Dutch artists of the time .

 

Gradually interest in ice hockey in Europe fell , and only in the second third of the XIX century. Hockey again won citizenship. And although modern hockey " born " in Canada, " guilty " in this were British. From Holland ice hockey arrived in England , and from there to Canada. Already in the 70th years of XIX century. hockey program included in all winter sports holidays in Canada. First hockey rules were formulated by university students in Montreal. The role of the gate began to carry out the two stones on the ice, which helped to determine the size of the space in which you can score the puck .

 

Found that the first official ice hockey match held in Montreal at the rink "Victoria" March 3, 1875 : The teams consisted of nine people , the game was a wooden disk , and gates were used . In 1879, Canadian UF Robertson formulated the rules of hockey, first proposed to apply to play the rubber washer . The first official rules of hockey were published in 1886 the author of the new code of rules became the Canadian R. Smith. In that 1886 was the first international meeting between Canadian and Russian teams ( won Canadians ) . Championships began to hold annually, and handing the Stanley Cup winners . ( In 1893, the Governor General of Canada , Lord Stanley Briton , established for the silver cup the annual awarding of the best team of the country. ) in 1899 in Montreal was built the world's first domed stadium for playing hockey with artificial ice for up to 10,000 spectators. Organized by the Canadian Amateur Hockey League . Later, in 1914 , a professional ice hockey clubs united in the National Hockey League (NHL). And in 1908 , the United Kingdom , Bohemia , Switzerland, France and Belgium founded the International Hockey Federation ( LIHF after 1979 - IIHF ) . 1972 marked the creation of the World Hockey Association.

 

Constantly improving the game. In 1900, Canadian Francis Nelson invented the grid for gates made ​​of fishnet . This was an important innovation , permanently close the eternal question: whether the goal? Fitted modern dimensions hockey rinks ( 61h30 m) . Playing time was divided into three periods of 20 minutes. each part of the field was reduced to 6 players began practicing replacement. In 1929, goalie Clint Benedict of the "Montreal Merunz " first put on the mask , the goalkeepers were allowed to make jumps while trying to recapture the puck . 1920 marked the first meeting in the official tournament Olympics teams Old and New Worlds . Canadians reaffirmed their strongest glory . Canadians won at the world championships in 1924 and 1928 GG In 1936, Britain win the title of Olympic champion , taking it from the Canadians, who owned it for 16 years.

 

In 1954 he debuted at the world championships Soviet hockey players and immediately took a leading position in world hockey . Very first meeting with the Canadians ended in victory for Soviet athletes - 7:2 . This victory brought the USSR team first world title .

 

Olympic champions are teams of the USSR - Russia - 9 times , Canada - 5 , United States - 2, UK - 1 Sweden - 1 , Czech Republic - 2. In our country, this game is not easy, and inoculated immediately. Already at the beginning of this century a number of sports clubs attempted to join the new game and even formed Russian hockey league , which in 1911 became a member of the International League for ice hockey, but soon dropped out of her , and then broke himself .

 

The first meeting with this game occurred in late 1932 , when the team arrived in Moscow German labor union " Fichte " . The guests brought our athletes unfamiliar putter and washers unusual ammunition , offering owners spend a few friendly games . First to respond hockey Central Red Army House . Masters of Russian hockey, only acquainted with the puck, were stronger. Canadian game then, however , did not survive , although remaining after the visit " Fichte " equipment used for some time as a textbook at the Central Institute of Physical Education. And that students of the Moscow Institute of Physical Culture in February 1946 held at the stadium "Dinamo" demonstration games hockey , 9 months before the premiere of the all-Union hockey .

 

Happy birthday hockey in Russia is considered December 22, 1946 , when in Moscow, Leningrad , Riga , Kaunas and Arkhangelsk were played the first matches of the first USSR championship in ice hockey. Today it is impossible to recall without a smile , for example, the vast harem players fumbling attempts to raise the players throw the puck into the air, suffering goalies encumbered by heavy , stubborn stick, the penalty bench , and nicknamed " solitary confinement " and " cell " and " Place of the Skull ." Strikes and courage players , speakers without any protective equipment. Steadfastly kept pioneers hockey and blows from party ideologues , who called the new game and primitive , and harmful to health , and even alien to the spirit of the Soviet people .

 

Contrary to from match to match the number of spectators in the stands grew steadily . Establish and hockey economy. From quilted jackets in the household get the hand sew protective gear , hockey pants. Goalkeepers put boxing and fielders - bicycle helmets .

 

Canadian hockey on Russian soil taken from football flavor to the game in passing, a passion for multi-step , and from bandy - space velocity, virtuoso skates.

 

In the spring of 1953 at the Congress LIHG Soviet Ice Hockey Federation was accepted as a member of this international organization . A year later, in 1954 , in Stockholm, subdued domestic hockey world hockey summit. The true heroes of the tournament were goalies Nikolai Tufts and Gregory Mkrtchyan, Alfred defenders Kuchevsky Dmitry Pricks , Alexander Vinogradov , Paul Zhiburtovich Henry Sidorenkov , Vsevolod Bobrov strikers Victor Shuvalov , Alexei Guryshev , Yury Krylov , Mikhail Bychkov, Alexander Uvarov , Valentin Kuzin Yevgeny Babich, Khlystov Nicholas , Alexander Komarov . Virtually the same composition won in 2 years and the Olympic gold medal .

 

The next generation of Soviet hockey stars picked up and successfully carried by this winning baton . In the 60s in the USSR team shone with such outstanding artists as Viktor Konovalenko Konstantin Loktev, Veniamin Alexandrov , Alexander Almetov , Boris Mayorov , Vyacheslav Starshinov Viktor Yakushev , Stanislav Petukhov, Anatoly Firsov , Eduard Ivanov , Alexander Ragulin , Victor Kuz'kin Vitaly Davydov . Our team then became a recognized leader in the world of amateur hockey .

 

1972 - special in the history of Russian hockey . There is a change of players, coaches change . Over from the star couple Chernyshev Tarasov took Vsevolod Bobrov . And under his leadership, our ice team for the first time crossed sticks in the internal rivalry with the Canadian team , made ​​up of the strongest players in these matches revealed NHL.V Hockey giving a new generation of players : Vladislav Tretiak , Valery Vasiliev , Gennady Tsygankova , Lutchenko Vladimir , Vladimir Petrov , Boris Mikhailov , Valery Kharlamov , Alexander Yakushev , Vladimir Shadrin Alexander Maltsev.

 

Victorious series they repeat their predecessors failed, but the national team won the world championships in 1973 , 1974, 1975 's and 1976 Olympic tournament in Innsbruck.

 

In 1977, the national team and club CSKA Moscow headed by Viktor Tikhonov . Under his tutelage shone skill Vyacheslav Fetisov , Alexei Kasatonov , Helmut Balderisa , Sergei Makarov , Igor Larionov , Vladimir Hardball , Victor Zhluktova and many other masters. During his ticket to the big hockey received and those who now is listed among the most famous players in the National Hockey League - Valeri Kamensky , Sergei Fedorov , Alexander Mogilny , Pavel Bure .

 

In the 90s the lack of stability has prompted many leading players to seek his fortune in the rich foreign clubs . Domestic hockey lost its stars , and the only consolation is the fact that most of them are not lost in a strange hockey, and vice versa - are leaders , including clubs in the NHL , and thus maintain the high reputation of the Russian hockey school .

 

In recent years, women's hockey teams added competition . This species is included in the program of the Olympic Winter Games in 1998 in Nagano, Japan . Became the first Olympic champion U.S. team .

4 . What is hockey

Hockey - a team sport game , which takes place at a fast pace and is full of sharp , unexpected situations quickly replaced . Players move around the ice on skates, sticks tend to throw the puck into the opponent's net and protect a save from destruction.

 

Held in an ice hockey court size 61h30 m, rectangular shape with rounded corners radius 8.5 m All fenced playground wooden or plastic beads height 122 cm field is divided into zones. Wide blue lines drawn across the rink under the ice at a distance of 18 m from the edges isolated zone protection and attacking zone . Protection zone - the one where the gate of his team, attack zone - with a gate of the enemy. Between the blue lines - the middle area . All even field is divided in half centerline red. Gates small height - 122 cm, width - 183 cm They are made of metal pipes with a diameter of 5 cm and rear have a metal grid.

The game goes 60 minutes. " Net time " (3 periods of 20 minutes. Intermittently for 10 min. Between periods ) . High pace of the modern game and the frequent change of game situations are a great burden , so in the course of the game players are usually replaced after 40 - 45 seconds. But the replacement in the game is made strictly on places , ie center forward instead of the central right-back instead of the right . Directly involved in the game other than the goalkeeper no more than 5 players: right and left back , right wing , center and left winger . This one change , then there are players who are currently struggling . Normally, incorporates four pairs of defenders and four triples hitter , or in other words , four shifts , five . International Ice Hockey Federation to permit the participation in one game to 22 players on each team .

 

A) Defender

Defender must be able to deal. He naturally and quickly runs backwards , performs hairpin turns , quickly changes the direction of running , it is very stable on skates.

In the highly regarded defenders skill suddenly destroy the opponent's attack and quickly create sharp counterattack his team. This skill can not buy if you do not master the techniques of playing such as the selection of a club with a power washer combative , washers transfer partner of any of the provisions , and especially along the diagonal and rolling fields on front comrade.

Coaches do not emphasize the role of chance accurate transmission of any of the provisions .

Defender - servant of the attack, it is entirely their actions are governed by the attackers.

Defender need to possess strong and throws shot the puck. Defender in the area of ​​the opponent , to a lesser extent than its partners - hitters can afford to drive a puck.

Good defenders are eager to participate in the attack front of goal . They are particularly active when the team has a numerical superiority. Defence players are located at the turn of the opponent and choose a position to be able to get the puck and throw it strongly on goal or accurately convey partners. If the defender has an equal choice: circle the opponent or to perform the transfer , he did not hesitate obliged otpasovat puck partner.

Hockey defender has long ceased to be just a destroyer . Now he is a creator , a full partner hitter who hits a target no worse and sometimes better than the most skilled forwards. Good quarterback - that's who knows how to foresee the development of several moves and the possible continuation of the attack and the time to keep up on the most dangerous stretch of defense.

The motto of the defense - security gate first. It should be ready in a difficult moment to take the puck over, block it with his body flying . This requires courage, dedication and contempt for danger, because the speed of a flying puck sometimes exceeds 150 km / h

 

B) Winger .

In wingers are more valuable " explosive " actions are meant here and starting speed and suddenness and unexpected opponent for jerk reaction and quickness . Wing, which more often than other players , as sole way to the goal , constantly encounters an open challenge to the power clash . Therefore, it must be physically strong and yet very clever . It is not always wise to go to a frontal attack . Sometimes it is better to cheat , use dummy . A winger should have all kinds of techniques.

If the attackers lost the puck , they immediately try to select it , engaging in combat with an opponent . When this fails , you need to quickly go back and take part in the defense.

Wingers should seek to play a concert with all stakeholders especially the central striker. Constantly look for a free place to get the puck. To be able to play well at the side and come out on top in the martial arts with his rival .

Problem wingers - score goals . But the goal in hockey - is not only a sure shot. To be able to throw the puck at the target , it is necessary for a long time and a lot of circling , cunning , trace , maneuver to pass the puck and partners to take them back, racing at high speed. Wingers have to run for several kilometers match , and the best up to 10 km .

B) Central striker

He belongs indisputably a major role in modern hockey . This place is usually put the most talented hockey player , versed in all difficult situations of the game. Central striker misses very often in a difficult position - he plays the most dangerous opponent for the portion of the field , that it is often a point of attack , and therefore the success of frontline action is primarily determined by its tactical thinking and individual technical skills . He must possess the best qualities of attackers and defenders , and, moreover, have a pronounced tendency to collective game. The team goes on the attack - its frontline manager and assistant to the partners . Defending team - he, along with defenders hold back the tide opponent. If the central striker played poorly in the attack or defense, is an immediate impact on the game all five players.

Physical fitness in central striker should be higher than that of other players. Central striker acts on the entire field. He organizes and participates in the attack protection - it depends on the situation prevailing on the ice.