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Almost 21mln. people or about 17 % of all population works in the agriculture of USA. Nearly 3 millions independent farms deliver feed products to the American consumers. The area of an average farm in the USA makes about 400 acres. In 1984 there were more than 2.3 million farms in the country. However, the very large farms -those with 1000 acres and more account for more than 40% of farm acreage. The largest manufacturers of grains making up 2,3% of total of farms, produce about 50 % of wheat in the country. Similarly, the largest 2 % of the manufacturers of chickens - broilers own 70 % of market sales.
Agriculture of USA
Almost 21mln. people or about 17 % of all population works in the agriculture of USA. Nearly 3 millions independent farms deliver feed products to the American consumers. The area of an average farm in the USA makes about 400 acres. In 1984 there were more than 2.3 million farms in the country. However, the very large farms -those with 1000 acres and more account for more than 40% of farm acreage. The largest manufacturers of grains making up 2,3% of total of farms, produce about 50 % of wheat in the country. Similarly, the largest 2 % of the manufacturers of chickens - broilers own 70 % of market sales.
Number of firms producing selected products in the
USA. 1980es.
Product Numbers of firms producing
this product
Wheat 446075
Corn 937704
Rice 11445
Soy-bean 511229
Tobacco 179141
Pea-nuts 23046
Dairy products 197269
Cattle 1354309
There is therefore some concentrations of agricultural production in hands of the largest manufacturers in the USA. But even largest agricultural manufacturers accept the established prices for production. For example, 2 % of the manufacturers of grain, that make up 50 % of grain production in the USA, are represented by 27000 independent firms. The new firms can also penetrate into the majority of agricultural branches with relative ease. There are special branches - exceptions. For example, there have been state regulation that have limited for many years the number of tobacco producers. However, even domestic manufacturer, who are protected against entry must compete for sales to the foreign manufacturers in the export markets.
State tax regulation plays important roll in encouraging
of farm development in USA. Since 1988 the tax rates on profit in an
agriculture have been established at a rate of 15 and 28% whereas earlier
they ranged from 11 up to 50 % with the intermediate rates. Farms with
the income up to 50000 dollars pay tax at the 15 % rate, and every next
25000 dollars at - 28% rate. Since 1989 the size of the tax-free profit
has increased up to 2000, and since 1990 - up to 5000 dollars.
Calculation of surtax in USA agroindustrial complex has a number of
peculiarities, each of which can represent a tax privilege. The USA
tax laws gives the farmers the right to subtract the costs connected
with some works in agriculture and cattle breeding from the tax paid.
Work on soil preservation, water resources protection, soil preparation
for farming are of thus kind. The tax discount works for the incomes
and losses suffered by the farmers in connection with the sale of cattle
or forages. These losses are subtracted from the farmer's charges and
the more favorable taxation mode is used for profit, than for income
taxation. The farmers, who are engaged in cattle feeding use a tax privilege
as a delay of income getting, that is all expenses are estimated per
one year, and all incomes on his(its) realization the next year. Besides
the farmers have the right to apply methods of accelerated amortization
of agricultural machines and equipment on higher rates. It allows them
to considerably reduce the sizes of the taxed income, that is to pay
the taxes on the lower rates. As a result, the more machines, equipment,
the farmer gets, the less taxes he pays this year and in the following
period of amortization. The farmers are given alternative to use new
amortization rules to reduce the taxed income or to make allocation
by equal shares for 3-45 years depending on the kind of property.
The tax rules for corporations limit the sizes of the allowed allocation from the taxed income connected with expenses for fodder, seeds and fertilizer. The farmer corporation can receive the right for discounts only after actual complete consumption of materials.
The special tax privileges are given to farmer cooperative societies. Thus, fruit growing cooperative societies? marketing, and also those purchasing farm machines are released from surtax payment.
One of major functions of tax privileges in agriculture is to stimulate scientific and technical development, accelerate realization of technical novelties, which, as a rule, require large additional capital investments. To stimulate investments of the farmer capital in technical innovations the special conditions of the taxation are provided these tax laws:
• Establishment of the tax discounts on the investments
gain;
• Budget compensation for tax payments on investment gain;
• Prolongation of tax payments and capital investment gain for the
period of end of investment process completion.
Farmer has the right to take advantage of one of the favorable taxation terms, if he introduce innovations, which are found in the state or regional agrarian programs. The farmers participating in the state agrarian programs, have the right to detain tax payment capital investments gain as long as the investment process is completed. The tax volume decreases by inflation, and the sum of the tax is distributed per years in regular intervals.
The state tax regulation in the USA enables the farmers of the advanced countries to change the size tax volume at the expense of use of various tax privileges and discounts. The numerous tax privileges reduce fiscal functions of taxation system in agrarian sector to a minimum level.
The main role in belongs to the agrarian legislation. The acts determine the basic forms and methods of state influence on an agriculture. In recent years the role of budget assignments for support of the prices on agricultural production and incomes of the farmers, as well for regulation of market structure of agricultural production and foodstuffs has increased. Organization of Economic Assistance to Development (ОEAD) estimates that the USA farmers received 22 milliards dollars for financial support.
Specific feature of financing of USA economy, is
that the means from the federal budget are primary allocated for the
target programs having national importance. So, two programs work in
agroindustrial complex at the federal level: "Stabilization of
the Incomes" and "science and scientific service". Besides
more than 10 interbranch target programs of national importance providing
interests of an agriculture and farmers work at a federal level. There
are soil conservation and land withdrawal program, food help to needy
population, marketing and inspection, social development of rural areas.
The budget means distributed according with this programs are summarized
and allocated to the branch federal budget of the USA agriculture. Its
basic part (more than 80 %) is supervised by the US Ministry of an agriculture
through good-credit corporation (GCC) and other financial-credit bodies.
The rest of 20 % of means are distributed through state and local management
bodies. Of all US budget charges about 60 % is necessary for realization
of farmer income stabilization program and social - charitable support
of needy farmers, almost 10 % is distributed for the programs development
village at the state and regional level, about 5 % — for scientific
researches and scientific service, 25 % — for social and native-protective
purposes. Thus, 3/4 of budget assignments allocated to US agriculture
are spent for farm production regulation and 1/4 for social purposes.
This system of federal budget distribution allow to regulate farm production,
through the prices, loans, credits and grants. The target program "Stabilization
Of the Incomes " is subdivided into 3 large programs: " Prices
and Incomes Support ", " Crop Insurance ". " The
Farm Credit ".
the direct gratuitous payments from the federal budget are very important
and have great influence over the farmers. The grants are powerful economic
stimulus of involving farmers in realization of the state programs of
farm regulation. The farmers, who carry out the taken obligations on
realization of the state agrarian programs have right to get them, as
well as loans. The grants use stimulates farmers to intensify farm production
in case the sowing areas are reduced permanent income even due to the
system of compensatory payments from the federal budget farmers are
ensured in permanent income even if the situation is not favorable.
The US agricultural policies provide minimal and
steady prices for agricultural products. The price support frequently
results in huge surpluses of agricultural products, which authorities
are compelled to buy and to keep prices from sharp fall. Agricultural
price support, alongside with other policies inducing farmers to keep
their land idle have also brought contributed in the prices paid by
the American consumers to subsidize the farmers.
The American government agricultural policy supporting crop prices and
farmers incomes has resulted in federal costs of more than 85 billions
dollars in 1981-86 years. There is a complex of price support policies
used by the government to benefit agricultural firms. The simplest of
the programs is a price floor similar to the one discussed above for
wages. Such a program has been used for many years to bolster the incomes
of dairy farmers However, the impact of this type of price floor is
somewhat different from the minimum wage program discussed above. In
the case of an effective minimum wage the surplus of workers seeking
work are not employed. However, in the case of an effective price floor
established for dairy products such as milk, the government actually
purchases the surplus and in that way uses taxpayers money to help increase
the income of mill: producers When the price floor is above the equilibrium
price of milk consumers also foot the bill to assist dairy farmers by
paying higher prices for milk. Because milk is not storable for long
periods, the surplus milk is usually converted to powder, cheese, or
butter before being stored.
In recent years government purchases of surplus milk have amounted to about 10% of total production. During the early 1980s the federal government spent over $2 billion annually to purchase surplus milk. To help reduce the program in 1986 the government purchased dairy herds of farmers who agreed to stay out of the milk business for 5 years The dairy cows purchased through this program were then slaughtered The price support floors for milk were also reduced in 1986. However, the new program is not expected to eliminate the surplus.
The federal government also intervenes in the market
for other agricultural commodities in various ways. The method most
recently used to support the incomes of grain producers has been the
imposition of target prices for crops. Target prices are price floors
10 sellers However unlike the price supports discussed above for milk
target prices do not directly increase the market price paid by buyers.
Instead, the entire quantity supplied by farmers at the target price
is dumped on the market. The resulting price depends on the demand for
the commodity. Farmers are then subsidized by the government through
a payment for each bushel sold equal to the difference between the target
price and the price paid by buyers .
At the beginning of each crop year the US Department of Agriculture
announces the target prices for various crops and the eligibility requirements
to participate the target price program. For example, in 1987 the target
price for wheat was $4,38 per bushel Typically, farmers are required
to hold a certain percentage of the their acreage land to be eligible
for the target price. In 1987 farmers had to hold idle 25% of their
land to gain the right to the target price.
The government does not buy grain surplus, on the target price instead all produced graine amount is offered for sale at the market.
Consumers are clearly better under the target price program than they would be under a price floor of $4.38 per bushel. In fact, one of the justifications of the target price program in recent years has been that it does contribute to lower prices for U.S. crops, thereby increasing the ability of U.S. producers to compete with foreign competitors in international commodity markets. However, because of the acreage restrictions that go along with the program, prices can be higher than would be the case.
Subsidizing farmers in this way therefore transfers
income from taxpayers in general to farmers, but it does not necessarily
result in lower commodity prices to consumers compared to those that
would prevail in a free market The United States Is not the only nation
that subsidizes farmers in ways that increase quantities supplied. Other
nations have their own subsidy programs that tend to raise prices received
by their farmers above the equilibrium level. The result of these programs
has in recent years has been a glut of grain on international markets,
sharply reducing prices. Farmers in nations without subsidy programs
have suffered. For example, in Canada where farm subsidies are below
those in other nations, many farmers have been forced out of business.
There are also other examples. The policy of encouragement of the domestic
manufacturers of sugar in the advanced countries damages to a number
of the developing countries, whose climate is best suited for sugar
production. The surplus of sugar in the advanced countries because of
price thresholds on surpluses causes the sugar exports from these countries.
And it means, that the developing countries should compete with them
at the world markets. Thus policy of support of sugar manufacturers
in the advanced countries results in decrease of the producers incomes
in the less advanced countries. The same situation develops with other
branches of agroindustrial manufacture. The support of the prices on
rice in the USA damages to the rice producers in Thailand. The creation
of favorable conditions for the manufacturers of cotton in USA results
in decrease of the incomes in Egypt and Mexico.
The experience of state regulation of agroindustrial manufacture in
market economy of USA shows, that the state is an effective mechanism
of modern economy. The activity of the state depends on the development
of the market, its infrastructure, degree of involving of national economy
in the international relations. An effective utilization in USA of such
tools as: the competition, tax system, budget and credit system, frequently
even to the detriment of other countries - promotes development of market
economy in the country, induces development of domestic branches of
the national economy and at the end increases competitiveness of production
of domestic manufacture in the world market.
Сельское хозяйство США
Почти 21 млн. . человек, или около 17% всего населения, работает в сельском хозяйстве США . Почти 3 миллиона независимых ферм поставляют продукцию на американских потребителей. Площадь средней фермы в США, составляет около 400 гектаров . В 1984 году было зарегистрировано более 2,3 млн. ферм в стране. Тем не менее, очень крупные хозяйства , а именно с 1000 акров и более приходится более 40% сельскохозяйственных площадей . Крупнейшие производители зерна, составляющие 2,3 % от общего количества ферм, производят около 50% пшеницы в стране . Точно так же наибольшие 2% от производителей кур - бройлеров принадлежать 70 % рынка продаж.
Количество фирм, производящих продукцию в США. 1980 г. :
Пшеница 446075
Кукуруза 937704
Райс 11445
Соевый 511229
Табак 179141
Горох - орехи 23046
Молочные продукты 197269
Крупный рогатый скот 1354309
Существует определенные отрасли
сельскохозяйственного
Государственное налоговое регулирование играет важную роль в поддержании развития фермы в США . С 1988 года ставки налога на прибыль в сельском хозяйстве были установлены в размере от 15 до 28 %, тогда как ранее они составляли от 11 до 50 % с промежуточными курс. Фермы, чей доход не превышает 50000 долларов, оплачивают налог в размере 15 % , а на каждые последующие 25000 долларов на - 28 % ставке. С 1989 года размер облагаемых налогом прибыль увеличилась до 2000 , а с 1990 г. - до 5000 долларов.
Расчет подоходного налога в
США агропромышленного
Налоговые правила для корпораций ограничивают размеры позволенного ассигнования дохода облагаемого налогом, связанного с расходами на корма , семена и удобрения. Корпорация фермера может получить право на скидку только после фактического полного потребления материалов .
Специальные налоговые привилегии
даются обществам фермера
Одна из главных функций налоговых привилегий в сельском хозяйстве является стимулирование научно-технического развития, ускорения реализации технических новинок , которые, как правило, требуют больших дополнительных капиталовложений. Чтобы стимулировать инвестирование капитала фермера в технических нововведениях, специальные условия налогообложения обеспечивают следующие налоговые законы :
• Учреждение налоговых скидок на увеличение инвестиций;
• Бюджетная компенсация
• Продление налоговых платежей и увеличение инвестирования капитала на период завершения инвестиционного процесса.
Фермер имеет право
Государственное налоговое регулирование
США позволяет фермерам прогрессирующих
стран изменить размер налога за счет
использования различных
Главная роль в этом принадлежит аграрному законодательству. Все действия определяют основные формы и методы государственного воздействия на сельское хозяйство. В последние годы роль бюджетных назначений направленных на поддержку цен в сельскохозяйственном производстве и доходы фермеров , а также для регулирования рыночной структуры сельскохозяйственного производства и пищевых продуктов увеличилась . Организация Экономической Помощи Развитию ( ОEAD ) считает, что фермеры США получили 22 миллиарда долларов в качестве финансовой поддержки.
Отличительная особенность финансирования экономики США, является то, что средства из федерального бюджета в первую очередь размещаются по целевым программам, имеющим общегосударственное значение . Так работают две программы в АПК на федеральном уровне : " Стабилизация Доходов " и " наука и научное обслуживание " . Кроме того, более 10 межотраслевых целевых программ национальной важности, обеспечивающие интересы сельского хозяйства и фермеров, работают на федеральном уровне. Есть охрана почвы и программа отбором почв, продовольствие , помогающее нуждающемуся населению , маркетинг и инспекционное социальное развитие сельских территорий. Бюджетные средства распределяются в соответствии с этой программой , суммировались и размещались в соответствии с отраслью федерального бюджета сельского хозяйства США . Его основная часть ( более 80% ) контролируется США Министерства сельского хозяйства с помощью хорошего - кредитная корпорация (ССЗ) и других финансово-кредитных органов. Остальные 20% средств распределены между органами государственной власти и местного управления . Из всех бюджетных расходов США около 60% необходимо для реализации программ стабилизации дохода фермера и социально - благотворительную поддержку нуждающимся фермерам , почти 10 % распределены на развитие села программ на государственном и региональном уровне , около 5% - на научные исследования и научное обслуживание , 25 % - на социальные и родной - защитных целях . Таким образом, 3/4 бюджетных ассигнований , выделяемых на сельское хозяйство США тратятся на регулирование производства фермы и 1/4 на социальные цели .