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This article is about an economic system controlled or directed by the state. For proposed economic systems that employs "participatory" or democratic planning,
Planned economy (or command economy) is an economic system in which the state directs the economy. It is an economic system in which the central government controls industry such that it makes major decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services. Its most extensive form is referred to as a command economy, centrally planned economy, or command and control economy.
Planned economy
This article is about an economic system controlled or directed by the state. For proposed economic systems that employs "participatory" or democratic planning,
Planned economy (or command economy) is an economic system in which the state directs the economy. It is an economic system in which the central government controls industry such that it makes major decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services. Its most extensive form is referred to as a command economy, centrally planned economy, or command and control economy.
In such economies, central economic planning by the state or government controls all major sectors of the economy and formulates all decisions about the use of resources and the distribution of output. Planners decide what should be produced and direct lower-level enterprises to produce those goods in accordance with national and social objectives.
Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies, i.e. the market economy, where production, distribution, pricing, and investment decisions are made by the private owners of the factories of production based upon their individual interests rather than upon a macroeconomic plan. Less extensive forms of planned economies include those that use indicative planning, in which the state employs "influence, subsidies, grants, and taxes, but does not compel." This latter is sometimes referred to as a "planned market economy".
A planned economy may consist of state-owned enterprises, private enterprises directed by the state, or a combination of both. Though "planned economy" and "command economy" are often used as synonyms, some make the distinction that under a command economy, the means of production are publicly owned. That is, a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." but a command economy, while also having this type of regulation, necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry. Therefore, command economies are planned economies, but not necessarily the reverse.
Important planned economies that existed in the past include the economy of the Soviet Union, which, according to CIA Factbook estimates, was for a time the world's second largest economy, China before 1978 and India before 1991.
Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, many governments presiding over planned economies began deregulating (or as in the Soviet Union, the system collapsed) and moving toward market-based economies by allowing the private sector to make the pricing, production, and distribution decisions. Although most economies today are market economies or mixed economies (which are partially planned), planned economies exist in very few countries such as Cuba, Libya, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Burma.
Economic planning versus the command economy
Economic planning is a mechanism for resource allocation of inputs and decision-making based on direct allocation, in contrast with the market mechanism, which is based on indirect allocation. An economy based on economic planning (either through the state, an association of worker cooperatives or another economic entity that has jurisdiction over the means of production) appropriates its resources as needed, so that allocation comes in the form of internal transfers rather than market transactions involving the purchasing of assets by one government agency or firm by another. Decision-making is carried out by workers and consumers on the enterprise-level.
This is contrasted with the concept of a centrally-planned, or command economy, where most of the economy is planned by a central government authority, and organized along a top-down administration where decisions regarding investment, production output requirements are decided upon by planners from the top, or near the top, of the chain of command. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of command economies and centralized planning. For example, Leon Trotsky believed that central planners, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.
Another key difference is that command economies are strictly authoritarian in nature, whereas some forms of economic planning, such as indicative planning, direct the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. For example, in some predominately market-oriented and mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry.
Another example of this is the utilization of dirigisme, both of which were practiced in France and Great Britain after the Second World War. Swedish public housing models were planned by the government in a similar fashion as urban planning. Mixed economies usually employ macroeconomic planning, while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.
The People's Republic of China currently has a socialist market economy in place. Within this system, macroeconomic plans are used as a general guidelines and as government goals for the national economy, but the majority of state-owned enterprises are subject to market forces. This is heavily contrasted to the command economy model of the former Soviet Union.
Planned economies and socialism
In the 20th century, most planned economies were implemented by states that called themselves socialist. Also, the greatest support for planned production comes from socialist authors. For these reasons, the notion of a planned economy is often directly associated with socialism. However, they do not entirely overlap. There are branches of socialism such as libertarian socialism and market socialism, that reject economic planning as a substitute for market allocation. All of these tendencies usually reject centralized ownership, referring to such as state socialism or state capitalism, and instead advocate decentralized ownership based on worker cooperatives and worker self-management.
While many socialist currents advocated economic planning as an eventual substitute for the market for factors of production, socialists define economic planning as being based on worker-self management, with production being carried out to directly satisfy human needs, and contrast this with the concept of a command economy of the Soviet Union, which they characterize as being based on a top-down bureaucratic administration of the economy in a similar fashion to a capitalist firm. The Command economy is distinguished from economic planning, and different theories for classifying the socioeconomic system of the Soviet Union exist; most notably a command economy is associated with Bureaucratic collectivism, State capitalism, State socialism or Coordinatorism.
Furthermore, planned economies are not unique to Communist states. There is a Trotskyist theory of permanent arms economy, put forward by Michael Kidron, which leads on from the contention that war and accompanying industrialisation is a continuing feature of capitalist states and that central planning and other features of the war economy are ever present.
Transition from a planned economy to a market economy
The shift from a command economy to a market economy has proven to be difficult; in particular, there were no theoretical guides for doing so before the 1990s. One transition from a command economy to a market economy that many consider successful is that of the People's Republic of China, in which there was a period of some years lasting roughly until the early 1990s during which both the command economy and the market economy coexisted, so that nobody would be much worse off under a mixed economy than a command economy, while some people would be much better off. This 'success' was coupled with a massive disparity between rich and poor and a disturbing new level of corruption, and 90% of Chinese billionaires are related to members of the Communist Party. Gradually, the parts of the economy under the command economy decreased until the mid-1990s when resource allocation was almost completely determined by market mechanisms[
By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s. One of the suggested causes is that under Soviet planning, price ceilings created major problems (shortages, queuing for bread, households hoarding money) which made the transition to an unplanned economy less easy. While the transition to a market economy proved difficult, many of the post-Soviet states have been experiencing strong, resource-based economic growth in recent years, though the levels vary substantially. However, a majority of the former Soviet Republics have not yet reached pre-collapse levels of economic development.
Still, most of the economic hardship that struck many of the former East Bloc countries and the post-Soviet states comes from the program of shock therapy. The idea behind this program is to convert from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in a short space of time. This means mass-scale privatization, budget cuts and liberalization of economy and finance regulations. This shock therapy program was implemented in several former communist states like Poland and Russia.
Iraq, after the fall of Saddam Hussein following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, is currently experiencing the transition from a command economy under Hussein to a free market economy. Iran is currently privatizing companies.
Stability
Long-term infrastructure investment can be made without fear of a market downturn (or loss of confidence) leading to abandonment of a project. This is especially important where returns are risky (e.g. fusion reactor technology) or where the return is diffuse (e.g. immunization programs or public education).
Плановая экономика
Эта статья об экономической системе, которой управляют или направленной государством. Для предложенных экономических систем, который использует "объединенное" или демократическое планирование
Плановая экономика (или
административно-командная
В таких экономических системах, центральном экономическом планировании государством или государственном контроле все главные сектора экономики и формулирует все решения об использовании ресурсов и распределение продукции. Планировщики решают то, что должно быть произведено и прямые предприятия низшего уровня, чтобы произвести те товары в соответствии с национальными и социальными задачами.
Плановая экономика в
отличие от незапланированных
Плановая экономика может
состоять из государственных предприятий,
частных предприятий, направленных
государством, или комбинацией обоих.
Хотя "плановая экономика" и "административно-командная
экономика" часто используются в
качестве синонимов, некоторые делают
различие, что под административно-
Важная плановая экономика, которая существовала в прошлом, включает экономику Советского Союза, который, согласно ЦРУ оценки фактбук , был какое-то время второй по величине экономикой в мире, Китай до 1978 и Индия до 1991.
Начинаясь в 1980-ых и 1990-ых, много
правительств, осуществляющих контроль
над плановой экономикой, начали прекращать
регулирование (или как в Советском
Союзе, система разрушилась) и переместиться
к основанным на рынке экономическим
системам, разрешая частному сектору
сделать оценку, производство, и
решения распределения. Хотя большинство
экономических систем сегодня - рыночная
экономика или смешанные
Экономическое планирование против административно-командной экономики
Экономическое планирование - механизм для распределения ресурсов входов и принятия решения, основанного на прямом распределении, в отличие от механизма рынка, который основан на косвенном распределении. экономика, основанная на экономическом планировании (или через государство, ассоциацию кооперативов рабочего или через другое экономическое юридическое лицо, которое обладает юрисдикцией по средствам производства), приспосабливает свои ресурсы как необходимый, так, чтобы распределение прибыло в форму внутренних передач, а не рыночных сделок, вовлекающих покупку активов одним правительственным учреждением или фирмой другим. Принятие решения выполнено рабочими и потребителями на на уровне предприятия.
Это противопоставлено с
понятием централизованно планируемого,
или административно-командная
Другое основное отличие
- то, что административно-командная
экономика строго авторитарна в
природе, тогда как некоторые
формы экономического планирования,
такие как показательное
Другой пример этого - использование дирижизма, оба из которых были осуществлены во Франции и Великобритании после Второй мировой войны. Шведские модели общественного жилищного строительства были запланированы правительством подобным способом как городское планирование. Смешанные экономики обычно используют макроэкономическое планирование, в то время как микроэкономические дела оставляют рынку и системе цен.
У Китайской Народной Республики в настоящее время есть социалистическая рыночная экономика в месте. В пределах этой системы макроэкономические планы используются в качестве общие руководящие принципы и поскольку правительственные цели для народного хозяйства, но большинство государственных предприятий подвергаются рыночным силам. Это в большой степени противопоставлено с моделью административно-командной экономики прежнего Советского Союза. [цитата, необходимая]
Плановая экономика и социализм
В 20-ом столетии большинство
плановой экономики было осуществлено
государствами, которые назвали
себя социалистом. Кроме того, самая
большая поддержка
В то время как много
социалистических потоков защищали
экономическое планирование как
возможную замену для рынка для
факторов производства, социалисты определяют
экономическое планирование, как
являющееся основанным на рабочем - сам
управление с производством, выполняемым,
чтобы непосредственно