Контрольная работа по «Профессиональный английский язык»

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Филиал федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования

«Российский государственный профессионально-педагогический

университет» в г. Советском

Кафедра профессионально-педагогического образования

 

 

 

 

 

Контрольная работа

 

по дисциплине

«Профессиональный английский язык»

вариант №1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Выполнил: студентка

Св-412 ПД Роман Я.С.

Проверил:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Советский 2015

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

 

Задание №1………………………………………………………………….3

Задание №2………………………………………………………………….9

Задание №3………………………………………………………….……..11

Список использованных источников………………………………….…14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

WHAT IS ECONOMICS

 

Unlike history, mathematics, english and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly before they begin college. Economics is a basic discipline, not an applied subject like accounting or drafting in which specific skills are taught.

Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively. It also has some similarities to history because economics studies people as they interact in social groups.

Like chemistry, economics employs the scientific method, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavour. Finally, like english grammar, economics has a few simple rules and principles, but from these principles economics can derive many conclusions.

Economics is the science of making choices. Individuals must decide whether to study another hour or to go for a walk, whether to buy a six-pack of Pepsi or a 0,5 gallon of milk at the grocery, whether to choose fire fighting or teaching as an occupation and whether to play golf or to watch television for an afternoon of recreation. As a group, people must also choose through their governments whether to build a dam or to repair highways with their taxes, whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks.

The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves a cost.

In fact, economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.

 

 

 

ЧТО ТАКОЕ ЭКОНОМИКА

В отличие от истории, математики, английского языка и химии, экономика является таким предметом, с которым многие студенты сталкиваются кратко, и изучают только при поступлении в колледж. Экономика является базовой дисциплиной, а не прикладным предметом, как Бухгалтерский учет, в котором преподаются специальные навыки.

Экономика имеет некоторые сходства с математикой, т.к. логические рассуждения и математические инструменты используются в ней обширно. Она также имеет некоторые сходства с историей, потому что экономика изучает людей и как они взаимодействуют в социальных группах.

Как в химии, в экономике работает научный метод, хотя немногое из экономики имеет скорее описательную, чем аналитическую особенность. Наконец, как и грамматика английского языка, экономика имеет несколько простых правил и принципов, и от этих принципов в экономике можно извлечь много выводов.

Экономика это наука о принятии решений. Люди должны решать, следует ли изучать еще час или пойти на прогулку, стоит ли покупать шесть банок Пепси или 0,5 литра молока в бакалее, стоит ли выбрать пожаротушение или преподавание как профессию и стоит ли играть гольф или смотреть телевизор в послеобеденный отдых. В группах, люди должны сами решать с помощью правительства, нужно ли строить дамбу или производить ремонт дорог с их налогами, вкладывать ли деньги в бизнес или расширить национальные парки.

Общим элементом всех этих решений является то, что любой выбор предполагает затраты.

На самом деле, экономика-это исследование выбора, который делают люди, и действия, которые они принимают в целях оптимального использования ограниченных ресурсов в удовлетворении своих желаний.

 

I. Переведите с английского языка  на русский:

 

A basic discipline – базовые дисциплины;

an applied subject – прикладной предмет;

similarities - сходства;

logical reasoning – логические рассуждения;

mathematical tools – математические инструменты;

a descriptive flavor – описательный вкус (особенность);

occupation - занятие;

to invest money to business – вкладывать деньги в бизнес;

the common element – общий элемент;

to involve – привлекать (включать);

the best use of scarce resources – наилучшее использование ограниченных ресурсов.

 

II. Переведите с русского языка  на английский:

 

Знакомиться - To learn (Discovering);

бухгалтерский учет - accounting;

особые навыки - special skills;

широко использоваться - widely used;

взаимодействовать в социальных группах - to interact in social groups;

несколько простых принципов - some simple principles;

налоги - taxes;

расширять - to expand;

стоимость - the cost;

потребности - needs.

 

 

 

III. Закончите предложения.

 

1. Economics is not an applied subject like...( accounting)

2. Like chemistry, economics...( employs the scientific method)

3. As a group, people must also choose whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks through ...( their governments)

4. The common element of all decisions is ...( that every choice involves a cost).

 

IV. Верны или неверны следующие  утверждения:

 

1. Economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly.                                   (true)

2. Economics is not a basic discipline like history, mathematics, english and chemistry. (true)

3. Some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavour. (true)

4. Economics is like english grammar, because it has difficult rules and principles. (false)

 

V. Выберите правильное слово:

 

1. Economics is a ... discipline.

a) basic; b) natural; c) social.

2. ... is an applied subject.

a) history; b) accounting; c) economics.

3. Mathematical tools are used in economics ...

a) briefly; b) extensively; c) finally.

4. Like english grammar economics has a few... and principles.

a) rules; b) graphs; c) lines.

5. Every choice involves ...

a) investment; b) cost; c) time.

VI. Ответьте на вопросы.

 

1. What is the difference between economics and such disciplines as history, mathematics, english and chemistry?

Unlike history, mathematics, english and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students encounter only briefly before they begin college.

2. What is used extensively in economics?

Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively.

3. What similarities has economics to chemistry?

Like chemistry, economics employs the scientific method, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical flavour.

4. Is economics the science of making choices?

Economics is the science of making choices.

5. What is the common element in all choices?

The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves a cost.

6. What does economics study?

Еconomics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.

 

VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения  на русский язык, определяя видовременную  форму глаголов.

 

1. Most students encountered economics only briefly. Большинство студентов сталкивались с экономикой только кратко.
2. Economics has always employed the scientific method. Экономика всегда использует научный метод.
3. People generally repeated the decisions that they had made at an earlier time. Люди, как правило, повторяют те решения, которые они сделали ранее.
4. My brother was working at the bank when I graduated from the University. Мой брат работал в банке когда я окончил университет.

 

VIII. Перепишите и переведите  предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод  конструкций there are (there is/ there was/ there were).

 

1. There are some black markets in which people buy things at prices much higher than they should be. Существует несколько черных рынков, в которых люди покупают вещи по ценам гораздо выше, чем они должны быть.

2. There were some periods in our recent economic history when the price level rose despite low demand. Были некоторые периоды в нашей недавней истории, когда экономический уровень цен вырос, несмотря на низкий спрос.

3. Today there is a surplus of unskilled and manual labourers in the north of England, whereas firms in the London area have vacancies unfilled. Сегодня существует избыток неквалифицированных рабочих на севере Англии, в то время как фирмы в лондонском районе полны вакансий.

4. There was a firm owned by a group of people called corporation. Эта фирма принадлежит группе людей под названием корпорация.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы, напишите перевод выделенных слов.

 

Accountancy

Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization's financial statements in order to express an opinion (with reasonable but not absolute assurance) as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.

Practitioners of accountancy are known as accountants. Officially licensed accountants are recognized by titles such as Chartered Accountant (UK) or Certified Public Accountant (US).

Accountancy attempts to create accurate financial reports that are useful to managers, regulators, and other stakeholders such as shareholders, creditors, or owners. The day-to-day record-keeping involved in this process is known as book-keeping.

At the heart of modern financial accounting is the double-entry book-keeping system. This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account. The sum of all debits should always equal the sum of all credits. This provides an easy way to check for errors. This system was first used in medieval Europe, although some believe that the system dates back to Ancient Greece.

According to critics of standard accounting practices, it has changed little since. Accounting reform measures of some kind have been taken in each generation to attempt to keep book-keeping relevant to capital assets or production capacity. However, these have not changed the basic principles, which are supposed to be independent of economics as such.

 
1) What is accountancy or accounting? 

Accountancy (British English) or accounting (American English) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. 

2) What is auditing? 

Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organization's financial statements in order to express an opinion (with reasonable but not absolute assurance) as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.

3) What is the essence of the double-entry book-keeping system? 
This system involves making at least two entries for every transaction: a debit in one account, and a corresponding credit in another account.

 

Accountancy - бухгалтерия; Accounting – бухгалтерский учет;

Measurement - измерение;  Disclosure - раскрытие;

Assurance - уверенность;  resource allocation -  распределение ресурсов;

Financial accounting – финансовый учет;   Auditing - аудит;

financial statements – финансовая отчетность; adherence - соблюдение;

Practitioners - практика; Chartered Accountant -  дипломированный бухгалтер;

Certified Public Accountant – дипломированный общественный бухгалтер; 

record-keeping – ведение отчетности; book-keeping – бухгалтерский учет;

book-keeping system – бухгалтерская система;

debit - дебет;

equal the sum of all credits – равна сумме всех кредитов;

capital assets – капитал активы (основные средства);

capacity - емкость.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы, напишите перевод выделенных слов. Переведите выделенную часть текста.

 
                                                                 Tax

A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g., tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a subnational entity.

Taxes may be paid in cash or in kind or as corvee labor. In modern capitalist taxation systems, taxes are designed to encourage the most efficient circulation of goods and services and are levied in cash. In kind and corvee taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The means of taxation, and the uses to which the funds raised through taxation should be put, are a matter of hot dispute in politics and economics, so discussions of taxation are frequently tendentious.

Public finance is the field of political science and economics that deals with taxation.

HISTORY OF TAXATION

Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.

In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised.

Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's".

There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind.

Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I.