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Fire is basically a chemical reaction between combustibles and the oxygen of the air. The product of fire (smoke) consists of a complex mixture of chemicals that interact with humans trying to fight a fire or escape from a fire. Extin¬guishing agents and fire retardants are also chemicals. Clearly, an understand¬ing of chemistry is a prerequisite to a thorough understanding of fire protection. Certain branches of physics are also important in the understanding of fire. The rate of air mixing into flames, the buoyant rise of fire gases to the ceiling and the subsequent motion under the ceiling, and the escape of smoke from the fire compartment into connecting compartments are all key elements of the behavior of a fire.
Preface………...…………………………………………………………………3
1. Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and Molecules…………..….4
1.1. What is an atom………………………………………………...…………...4
1.2. How stable is an atom……………………………………………….…….…6
1.3. What are the mass and size of an atom………………………………….….. 7
2. Physical and Chemical Change………………………………………….…..7
2.1. States of matter…………………………………………………………..…..7
2.2. Properties of Gases…………………………………………………….…….8
2.3. Properties of Liquids………………………………………………………...9
2.4. Properties of Solids…………………………………………………….….9
3. Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles……………………………….11
3.1. Types of gaseous flames…………………………………………………….11
3.2. Premixed Versus Diffusion Flames……………………………………..…..11
3.3. Laminar Versus Turbulent Flames……………………………………….…12
3.4. Stationary Versus Propagating Flames………………………………...……13
3.5. Ignition of gases………………………………………………………....…..13
Conclusion…………………………….………………………………………....15
Literature……………………………….……………………………………….16
Vocabulary…..………………………….……………………………………….17
3.5. Ignition of gases.
Whether or not a mixture of a given combustible gas plus oxygen plus inert gas can be ignited depends on its composition, temperature, and pressure. Assuming that the composition, temperature, and pressure are such that ignition is possible, then the ease of ignition can be considered. It will be different for each gas.
Conclusion
The bulk of this book describes the fire characteristics of materials (gases, liquids, and solids), the properties of combustion products (temperature, smoke, toxicity, and corrosivity), fire extinguishing agents and procedures, and movement of smoke. In addition, special fire situations (e.g., spontaneous ignition, exothermic materials, and fires in abnormal environments) are discussed. A chapter is included on computer modeling of fire. Additionally, most chapters close with a set of problems that offer a good self-review of the material just discussed. The answers to those problems appear at the back of the book. The hardware and tactics of fire fighting are not treated in any detail, because principles of chemistry and physics are seldom involved. References on other sources of information on fire fighting are provided at the end of each chapter. This book is the successor to Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry, 2nd ed., by the same author and publisher, and contains an updated version of the same material plus four new chapters covering the physics of fire.
Literature.
1. Third Edition. Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics, National Fire Protection Association, wpi Quincy Massachusetts, Raymond Friedman Palm Beach Gardens, FL December 1998.
Vocabulary.
English words |
Russian words |
molecules |
молекул |
familiar |
знакомый |
relatively |
относительно |
hydrogen |
водород |
orbiting |
орбитальный |
per atom |
на атом |
electrons |
электронов |
atoms |
атомами |
scientific |
научный |
confirm |
подтверждать |
measurements |
размеры |
description |
описание |
presented |
представленный |
various |
различный |
kinds |
виды |
helium |
гелий |
consisted |
состояло |
nucleus |
ядро |
comprises |
включает в себя |
isotopes |
изотопы |
several |
несколько |
completely |
полностью |
unaffected |
незатронутый |
transformations |
преобразованиями |
of volts |
вольт |
of electricity |
электроэнергии |
odorless gas |
газ без запаха |
mass spectrometers |
масс-спектрометры |
molecular |
молекулярный |
weight |
вес |
interrelationships |
взаимосвязей |
however |
однако |
isotope |
изотоп |
single |
один |
mercury |
ртуть |
liquids |
жидкостей |
spontaneously |
спонтанно |
likewise |
также |
percentage |
процент |
element |
элемент |
belong |
принадлежать |
and iron |
и железо |
science |
наука |
identified |
идентифицированный |
proportion |
доля |
odorless |
без запаха |
percentage |
процент |
consist |
состоять |
usually |
обычно |
partial |
частичный |
considered |
считается |
earlier |
ранее |
radioactive |
радиоактивный |
increased |
увеличенный |
previous |
предыдущий |
sentence |
предложение |
understandable |
понятный |
remaining |
остальной |
uncharged |
необвиненный |
considered |
считается |
notice |
замечать |
density |
плотность |
increases |
увеличивается |
clearly |
очевидно |
fire |
пожар |
trying |
пытается |
opportunity |
возможность |
physics |
физика |
changed |
изменились |
spontaneously |
спонтанно |
readers |
читатели |
prerequisite |
предпосылка |
chlorine |
хлор |
different |
различный |
within |
в |
lithium |
литий |
occurring |
происходящий |
capability |
возможности |
liquid |
жидкость |
certain |
определенный |
important |
важный |
to memorize |
запоминать |
evaporation |
испарение |
oxygen |
кислород |
some |
некоторые |
liquids |
жидкостей |
whether |
ли |
type |
тип |
flame |
пламя |
amorphous |
аморфный |
sharp |
острый |
point |
точка |
melting |
плавления |
thoroughly |
тщательно |
mixed |
смешанный |
increasing |
возрастающий |
pure |
чистый |
equilibrium |
равновесие |
positions |
позиции |
evaporates |
испаряется |
wick |
фитиль |
from |
от |
moving |
перемещение |
through |
через |
straight |
прямой |
curving |
изогнутый |
gently |
осторожно |
possibility |
возможность |
orderly |
упорядоченный |
found |
найденный |
arrangement |
соглашение |
scientists |
ученые |
considerably |
значительно |
accordingly |
соответственно |
rates |
цены |
combustion |
сгорание |
predict |
предсказывать |
small-scale |
маломасштабный |
behavior |
поведение |
large-scale |
крупномасштабный |
interrelationships |
взаимосвязей |
described |
описанные |
turbulence |
турбулентность |
mixing |
смешивание |
transfer |
передача |
heat |
тепло |
enhances |
повышает |
burner |
горелка |
arrangements |
меры |
will |
воля |
rise |
рост |
ignition |
зажигания |
possible |
возможное |
measure |
измерение |
plexiglas |
плексиглас |
provided |
при условии |
understanding |
понимание |
categorized |
категории |
chemistry |
химия |
occurring |
происходящий |
spectrometers |
спектрометры |
participates |
участвует |
relative |
относительный |
another |
другой |
spread |
распространять |
over |
за |
rapidly |
быстро |
occupy |
занимать |
do not |
не |
change |
менять |
velocities |
скорости |
density |
плотность |
increases |
увеличивается |
directly |
непосредственно |
proportional |
пропорциональный |
closer |
ближе |
together |
вместе |
condenses |
конденсируется |
liquid |
жидкость |
into |
в |
therefore |
поэтому |
consider |
считать |
evaporation |
испарение |
generally |
в целом |
freezing |
замораживание |
gently |
осторожно |
curving |
изогнутый |
difficult |
трудный |
explain |
объяснять |
aligned |
выровненный |
electricity |
электричество |
better |
лучше |
far |
далеко |
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