Electronic money

Maintaining a reliable, stable operation of the payment system requires, first, the availability of substantial computing 
capacity at the processing center (or centers - developed in the system) and, second, advanced communications infrastructure, as a processing center and the system must maintain the ability to simultaneously Met quite a large number of geographically remote locations. In addition, the routing of requests is also inevitable that further tightens the requirements for communications. In conclusion, we have one source of communications - electronic documents exchanged between the participating banks to the clearing bank, and, perhaps, and with each other in the regular conduct of settlement. It is clear that to effectively address the problems outlined is necessary to use high-performance data networks with packet switching. From a structural point of view of the data network then becomes an integral part of an internal payment system.

Naturally, the solution of smaller problems arising in the daily work, is also a lot of time and money. With the growth of the system, the expansion of the number of participants, increasing the number of cards and number of transactions there are problems of transition to a new hardware base and a new policy framework. These problems must be solved at the moment of the system. Alignment of the various actors working on different versions of software, database duplication, eliminating failures in the software - that's routine work processing company. 
Since the processing companies in the process associated with a large number of banks that need some equipment, they usually work at subsidiaries that buy large quantities of the terminal, they printers, ATMs and other technical devices and sell them at retail banks participating in the system, leaving themselves the difference between wholesale and retail price. Sales of equipment can be carried out as with the software, and without it, with after-sales service or other conditions. Perhaps the provision of equipment leasing system participants.

In moving the system in regions faced with the task of harmonizing regional processing centers with the work of the main processing center of the system, it is necessary to ensure reliable communication between the centers, duplicating databases, coordination of systems within the overall strategy. When a competent decision of the questions of income increases significantly. One of the key issues arising from the expansion of the system, is to build a clear hierarchy of regional, local processing center and Acquirer centers, where the optimal distributed processing authorization requests and how they are regulated by routing. 
 
Processing Center must perform the following functions: 
1. Processing of transactions on payment cards, preparation of the necessary payment documents; 
2. Prepare information for settlement between member banks of the payment system; 
3. Routing and clearing of payments made using credit cards, including cards and international; 
4. Organizing and coordinating work with the second-tier banks and providers of software and hardware to accommodate the wholesale supply in order to reduce overhead costs of participating banks; 
5. Organization of technical and information support of participating banks; 
6. Networking for accepting payment cards.

Since the processing center can communicate any Bank, which issue or service of payment cards. 
The insurance business also can work with the processing center. It can be turned into a network service on payment cards, which will reduce operating costs. 
Working with the processing center will bring second-tier banks as follows: 
1. functioning in a common currency area; 
2. extension of services of credit cards; 
3. decrease the load on the host system in communication with the regime «OFF-LINE». 
We suggest several ways to interact with the processing company bank clients.

 The first way is when the bank does not want or is unable to deal with technical support service cards, which is typical for medium-sized banks in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this case, the Bank conducts all client accounts at home, and in the processing company sends a request to personalize cards, information on the accounts on the cards, the order for the installation of equipment to service cards (ATM and POS terminally), and processing center handles all work orders and stores in a database of the bank. In this case, the processing company can receive and send files on behalf of the bank for international payment systems. In this formulation the bank depends entirely on the technical resources of the company, and can not itself, without any orders to change the information stored in the database, which could adversely affect the speed of customer service.

In order for the bank to arbitrarily view and change information in the database, it will have to rent a separate machine, which will support staff processing company. In this case, the server processing company will forward all requests to the bank card at the bank leased server.

The bank may go further, it can also connect to a leased server device, which will serve only the cards, and it can be useful for acceptance without write-card accounts. 
At one stage of its activities the bank may prefer to keep all information on the cards at home, the services of a processing company to use the service for international cards, or cards from other banks, and then he will have to keep a server authorization.

In general, the processing center can implement all these schemes for each bank individually. However, knowing that the payment system of banks in Kazakhstan is the main task of developing a national payment system using the card, it is important to consider not only technical but also political problems. This lobbying of banks participating in the system, possible changes in tax schemes, change the instructions of National Bank of Kazakhstan, modification or publication of new legislation, the implementation of industrial projects with the participation of domestic enterprises, problems of communication, the development or adjustment of the industry standards for equipment, etc. . Thus processing companies are the initiators of the creation of associations participating in the system and other entities participating banks, which influence the policies of the banks in the area of ​​plastic cards and other areas of banking. With the active participation of the processing companies today hold conferences and meetings market participants cards, developed guidelines for further development, to reconcile the interests of banks, equipment manufacturers and software makers in general and the main directions of development of national payment systems.

List of sources used 
 
1. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan from June 29, 1998 "On payments and remittances." 
2. Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 2, 2002 № 713 "Program of the National Inter-bank system of payment cards based on smart cards." 
3. S. Afonin electronic money. Uch. allowance. - St. Petersburg. Peter, 2001 
4. Auriemma, Michael J., Robert S. Coley. Industry bank cards. Per. from English. - M. INFA, 1997 
5. The banking systems of developed countries. Uch. handbook, ed. Shcherbakova, GN - M. Examination, 2001 
6. Money, Credit, banks. Textbook ed Seytkasimova GS - ALMAG, Economics, 1996 
7. LP, Timiryasov VG, VL Kurakov Modern banking systems. Uch. allowance. - M. Theis, 1999 
8. Banking. Ed. Seykasimova GS, Almaty: Қarzhy-Қarazhat, 1998 Well. 
9. Fundamentals of the theory of "electronic document". Fatianov A. / / Banking technology. -2000. - № 2. - C10-12 
10. Rudakova OS on-line banking services. / Textbook for High Schools. -M.: UNI 1997 
11. Electronic money and the public an open network. / / Ed. Asahiko (hiko) Isobe. Hitachi Research Institute. Translated from English by 1997. - 96. With silt. 
12. Banking: A Textbook / Ed. OI Lavrushina - Moscow: Finances and Statistics, 2000. 
13. Balabanov I., T., O. Goncharuk, NA Savinskaya - Money and financial institutions. - Study Guide. - St. Petersburg. Peter, 2000 
14. EF Beetles. Money, Credit, banks. Securities. - M.: UNITY, DANA. Uch. allowance. 
15. MV Romanovsky, "Finance, monetary circulation and credit" textbook. M. Yurait - Publishing, 2004