Банковские системы Англии и России

 

Министерство образования  науки Российской Федерации

Государственное образовательное  учреждение

Высшего профессионального  образования

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Гуманитарно-экономический  факультет

 

Кафедра экономических дисциплин

 

Научно-исследовательская  работа

По дисциплине: Английский язык

на тему:

 

«Банковские системы Англии и России»

 

 

 

 

 

Выполнила:

Студентка 2 курса гр. ЭКФ 

специальность:

«Бухгалтерский учёт, анализ и аудит»

 

                                                            Научный руководитель:

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……2012

PLAN: 
Introduction 
1. Banking service 
2. Establishing a bank account 
3. Cashier’s check 
4. The banks of England 
5. The banking system in Russia

6. Conclusion                                    

Literature 
 
  Introduction  

My scientific work is devoted to the analysis of a banking system. In my report I will be touching upon the banking services and the banking system in England and Russia.  
I have chosen the banking system for the topic of my scientific work as it is one of the most important instruments of the economy. 
   It is an open secret that banks are the most important link in the world of money. This is because, first of all, banks nowadays perform the main part of the work of transferring money from a customer to a seller, by operating the system of payments in the economy.           

 

      Almost everyone in the world uses or has used banking services. Families keep their savings there, and banks pay them interest rates on their deposits and give them loans to buy expensive goods. Companies conduct payments through them. Commercial organizations, which work at the market and in production, take loans for their needs and conduct all payments with buyers and sellers through them. Landowners and owners of real estate take loans from the banks to buy an estate or to make use of it and pay back loaned money. 
 

 
 
1. Banking service

 

 

 I’d like to start by giving you the structure of banking system.  
The various services provided by banks are summarized below. 
1) The provision of safe deposit facilities for money and valuables.

2) Lending of money: this is the most profitable activity of the banks and the one which provides most of their income.

 3) Issuing of banknotes: in England and Wales this right is restricted to the Bank of England. But some banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland retain the right to issue their own banknotes. 

4) Provision of efficient money transmission services (e.g. cheques, credit cards) 
In addition to these basic functions, modern banks provide a wide range of other financial services. 
 
  

2. Establishing a bank account 
 
   One of the first things you should do after you arrive in the United States is to establish a bank account. It is not a good idea to carry large amounts of cash or keep it in your living quarters. 
   Most banks have main offices in the center of cities and towns, and also have smaller offices, called «branches», in other parts of the city or town, as well as in suburban locations. Banks are generally open on Mondays through Fridays, usually from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon. 
   Remember that banks are private businesses. They are all different and each wants to get your business. You should check with several banks to determine which bank offers the best services for your needs. 
   You should plan to open both a checking and savings account at the same bank, simply because it will be more convenient for you. For example, if you have a savings account and a checking account in the same bank, you can often telephone and ask to transfer funds from your savings account to your checking account. Interests rates on saving and checking accounts vary from bank to bank. Investigate and compare various banks and their rates of interests on accounts before you decide where to open an account. 
 
  3. Cashier’s checks 

   A cashier’s check is a check written for you by your bank. You give the bank the money (or it is taken from your account) and the clerk writes a cashier’s check, charting a small fee for the service. Usually cashier’s checks are written for large amounts to transfer money from one place to another. 
 
   A cashier’s check is easier to cash than a personal check, and it is safer than carrying a large amount of cash. You do not have to cash a cashier’s check at a branch of your bank – it can be cashed at any bank or business. 
 
  4. The banks of England 
 
   Most countries have a central bank, which is responsible for the operation of the banking system. The central bank in the UK is the Bank of England, which was taken into public ownership in 1946. It has many responsibilities, which are summarized below and discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 
 
1) It is the government’s bank. It handles the income and expenditure of Exchequer and other government departments. 
  2) The clearing banks maintain accounts at the Bank of England. The final cash settlements within the banking system and between the banking system and the Bank of England take place through these accounts. The Bank is a banker for about 100 overseas central banks and international monetary institutions. 
3) It manages the national debt. This is a major responsibility which involves making repayments on government securities when they mature, undertaking new issues of long-term securities, making regular payments on interest to holders of existing government securities, and handling the weekly issues of Treasury bills. The management of the national debt, as we shall see later, has important effects on the supply of money and the rate of interest. 
4) It is the lender of last resort. The Bank of England stands ready to come to the assistance of the banking system in times when it is threatened by a shortage of cash. 
5) It acts as the government’s agent in the foreign exchange market, in which it can intervene to influence the value of sterling against other currencies. 
6) It has the responsibility for carrying out the government’s monetary policy. 
7) It has legal powers to supervise the operations of other banks. All banks are expected to supply the Bank of England with information about their business, and they have to respond to directives given to them by the bank. 
 
Although the Governor of the Bank of England has a certain amount of independence and his advice is sought and needed, the Bank is subordinate to the Treasury which may give introductions to the Governor at any time. 
 
  

5. The banking system of Russia 

  The Russian money institute is called a banking system, so it has to conform to the standards and try to approximate the generally accepted level. As we can see from the facts, however, Russia is yet far away from the accepted standards and the real practice of the Russian banking services is different from what it should be according to the Russian law and theory of the banking system. Of course, I do not presume to present a detailed analysis of all the problems involved. But even my personal research can show that the Russian banking system is far from being ideal. First of all, all banks are using their superior position in the finance market, and all their activities are boiling down to making bigger profits with the minimum risk. 

  Thus, banks are often breaking the law by not conducting operations in which they could lose their money, or operations with low profitability. The result is that not all operations are fulfilled as they should be, because of the prepossession of the banks to their clients. 
Russian Parliament issues impossible laws and banks demand impossible interest rates, delay the money and break the laws. How can it help the Russian economy? In the end, clients are afraid of using banking services and this apprehension limits cash flows. This leads to less investment in industry, and undeveloped industry is the main problem of the government. On the other hand, companies are receiving fewer loans because of the unwillingness of banks to give any. This again leads to undeveloped industry. Therefore we may conclude that one reason for the recession in Russia is the deficiency of the banking system that leads to unhealthy money circulation. The government should review its banking laws if it really wants to see a stable economy in Russia.  
 
Conclusion  

   To round up, I would just like to remind you that everything in the economy is controlled by money, and banks are a tool-kit for the economy - controlling the money circulation between firms, depositors and loaners, and offering services to make that circulation easier for them.  
 

A healthy and stable economy of any country depends on healthy banking services. 
 
   
 

Literature: 
 
1. L.A. Ilyina. Money and banking. Novosibirsk, 2002.  
 
2. В.Д. Португалов. Учебник по английскому язык. Москва, 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Сравним центральные банки  России и Англии.

Основными целями деятельности Банка России являются:

· защита и обеспечение  устойчивости рубля, в том числе  его покупательной способности  и курса по отношению к иностранным  валютам;

· развитие и укрепление банковской системы Российской Федерации;

· обеспечение эффективного и бесперебойного функционирования системы расчетов;

Основными целями деятельности Банка Англии являются:

· поддержание стабильности национальной денежной единицы;

· обеспечение условий  для стабильной работы финансово-кредитной  системы страны и проведение бесперебойных  и своевременных расчетов;

· формирование конкурентоспособной  финансово-кредитной системы, сочетающей свободные рыночные принципы проведения операций на внутренних рынках при  сохранении ведущей роли Англии на мировых финансовых рынках.

Итак, основные цели Центральных  банков России и Англии практически  одинаковы.

За Банком России как  представителем государства законодательно закреплено осуществление эмиссии  наличных денег, организация их обращения  и изъятия из обращения на территории Российской Федерации.

В то время как Банк Англии провозглашен единственным эмиссионным  центром страны, монеты для обращения  чеканятся Королевским монетным двором. Таким образом, эмиссия части  инструментов денежного обращения  не входит в компетенцию Банка  Англии. Правительство получает всю  прибыль от выпуска банкнот.

Как я уже упоминал, Центральный  банк РФ выполняет функции денежно-кредитного регулирования, банковского надзора  и управления системой платежей и  расчетов в стране. В большинстве  же европейских стран полномочия по банковскому регулированию переданы специальным органам банковского  надзора: Банковской комиссии во Франции, Федеральному ведомству по контролю кредитной деятельности в Германии, Ведомству по финансовым услугам  в Великобритании и т.д.

В настоящее время банковская система Великобритании, также как  и России, является двухуровневой  классической. Только в Англии она  одна из старейших и наиболее развитых систем мира, а вот в России до сих пор развивается. И отсталость эта началась давно…