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Дать определение геонавигации
Объяснить основные принципы геонавигации
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Введение в геонавигацию
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Что такое геонавигация?
Геонавигация это планируемое интерактивное
размещение ствола скважины с использованием
геологических критериев
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Пример геонавигации
Вертикальный участок
Истинная глубина по вертикали
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Принципы геонавигации
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Опознавание целевой зоны
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Определение места
в скважине для башмака обсадной колонны
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Недопущение выхода за границы объекта
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Регламенты геонавигации
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Механика геонавигации
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Геонавигационная тактика
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Геонавигационная тактика
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Теперь ВЫ должны быть в состоянии:
Введение в геонавигацию
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Geosteering is the interactive, geological placement of a precise, high angle well path within a formation. Geological, as opposed to geometrical, placement is required because of uncertainties in the position of targets due to the unpredictability of structural and stratigraphic variations which can occur in any field. Real-time LWD data is compared to modeled log responses to guide the well path to optimum reservoir layers.
Application of geosteering techniques has enabled companies to successfully drill and complete difficult horizontal wells with the additional benefits of both improved penetration rates and decreased hole tortuosity gained through significant reductions in unnecessary course corrections.
services guide
the well path to
the most productive
portion
of the reservoir
for maximum
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This an example of an early horizontal well drilled with geosteering.
The objective formation was a series of sands of which the two lower sands were the primary targets The sands were located in a gas oil water interval. A pilot well was drilled to verify the sand locations. It found sands 30 ft lower than expected and too close to the water contact.
It was decided to geosteer a wellbore initially following the N2L sand. Seismic data indicated two small faults could be expected. A trajectory was designed to account for this(the modified Plan). The well was landed in the sand as expected. Gamma ray data was used to geosteer. At point “a”, it indicated that the sand was shaling out. Trajectory data indicated that the wellbore was out of the bottom of the sand. A deviation from plan back to the cleaner part of the sand was done. The well was geosteered to intercept the N2L and N3 sands, after a few trajectory corrections..
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A careful and detailed analysis of the geological structure is done by using a combination of seismic data, offset log correlations, and other petrophysical data. Seismic data reveals large scale geological features: dips, faults, lateral extent, and discontinuities.
Cost benefit analyses of various alternatives result in an optimum target selection and well design.
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A directional well trajectory is generated that incorporates the seismic and petrophysical data together with the limitations and uncertainties involved in trajectory placement.
Uncertainties associated with subsurface features are evaluated. The nature and magnitude of the uncertainty is determined from the data type, data density, and confidence in the structural models used.
There must be contingency plans for the 4 main sources of risks or uncertainties:
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The key in geostcering projects is to identify the boundary, and with that information, to decide whether or not azimuthal testing is appropriate to determine the orientation.
A boundary can be identified by the presence of a horn on inductive resistivity measurements. This is feasible only when the thickness is greater than five feet. The electrical resistivity affords much better bed boundary detection in the presence of laminations and thin beds.
The detection of any boundary is based on the magnitude of change in resistivity. Typically a 20o change in resistivity is considered to indicate a bed boundary. On actual logs, differences in grain size and in saturation can induce variations in the resistivity data in the order of 10 to 20o.
Once the location and orientation of a bed have been determined, quantitative analysis, including formation evaluation, can be performed.
The best strategy for horizontal sections is to design geosteering bottom hole assemblies that have a neutral tendency when rotating. Trajectory changes are then made in steering mode where tune rates usually range from 4 to 8 degrees 100 ft.
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