Биосфера как глобальная экологическая система

INTRODUCTION: CANADA

GEOGRAPHY Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the US. Area: total: 9,984,670 sq km land: 9,093,507 sqkm water: 891,163 sq km Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast Natural resources: iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

 

NATIONAL PARKS AND HISTORIC SITES

The Canadian government has set aside mote than 100 national parks and historic sites in honour of the people, places and events that have marked the country's history. Similarly, the provincial governments may form provincial parks.

Canada's 37 national parks are spread throughout the country. Banff, located on the eastern slopes of Alberta's Rocky Mountains, is the oldest, having opened in 1885, while Vuntut in the northern Yukon was established as recently as 1993.

 

MOUNTAIN RANGES

As one might expect, Canada's terrain incorporates a number of mountain ranges: the Totngats, Appalachians and Laurentians in the east; the Rocky, Coastal and Mackenzie ranges in the west; and Mount St. Elias and the Pelly Mountains in the north. At 6050 m, Mount Logan in the Yukon is Canada's tallest peak.

 

LAKES

The main lakes located in Canada, (many large lakes are traversed by the Canada-U.S. border) are (in order of the surface area) Huron, Great Bear, Superior, Great Slave, Winnipeg, Erie and Ontario. Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories is the largest lake situated entirely in Canada; its area is 31,326 square kilometres.

 

RIVERS

The St. Lawrence River, which is 3,058 kilometres long, provides a sea-, way for ships from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. The Mackenzie is the longest river, flowing 4,241 kilometres through the Northwest Territories. The Yukon and the Columbia, parts of which flow through United States territory, the Nelson, the Saskatchewan, the Peace, and the Churchill are also major watercourses

TIME ZONES

Canada has six time zones. The easternmost, in Newfoundland, is three hours and 30 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The other time zones are the Atlantic, the Eastern, the Central, the Rocky Mountain and, furthest west, the Pacific, which is eight hours behind GMT.

POPULATION

Population: 32,507,874 (2004 est.) Age Structure:

0-14 years: 18.2% (male 3,038,800; female 2,890,579) 15-64 years: 68.7% (male 11 Д25.686; female 11,111,941) ■45 years and over: 13% " (male 1,807,472; female 2,433,396) (2004 est.)

Net Migration Rate: 5.96 migrant(s)/ 1,000 population (2004 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth: total population: 79.96 years male: 76.59 years female: 83.5 years (2004 est.)

 Ethnic Groups: British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%), Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%

Religions: Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 36%o, other 18%

Languages: English 59.3%, French 23.2%«, other 17.5%

 Urban and Rural Population The majority of Canadians, 77%, live in cities and towns, while 23% live in rural areas. According to the 1991 census, 31%) of the population (8.61 million people) live in the three largest cities of Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.

Family Size

At the time of the 1996 national census, the average family size was 3.1 persons, including 1.3 children. Family size has remained unchanged since the 1991 census.

Living Standard

Only five countries have a higher standard of living than does Canada. These are the United States, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Germany and Japan. Canada ranks higher than the United States in terms of life expectапсу, and higher than Japan in terms of education. Consequently, the United Nations has tanked Canada as the highest on its "Human Development Index." More than 65% of Canadians own their own homes. An even higher percentage of Canadians own durable goods such as automobiles, refrigerators, washing machines, televisions, telephones and radios. Telephone service is virtually universal in Canada. Sixteen million access lines bring service to 99% of Canadian homes.

 

GOVERNMENT

Government Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy

Capital: Ottawa

Administrative Divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory

 

Provinces and Territories

The constitution indicates what provinces are a part of Canada and what the powers of those provinces are. For example, provinces have jurisdiction over education and the environment. Territories on the other hand are created by Federal Law. That means the territories have a bit less power than the provinces. They still have representation in the federal government, but don't have provincial governments.

The biggest difference is that the provinces get to vote on changes to the constitution but the territories do not.

 

Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (independence recognized) National Holiday: Canada Day, 1 July Constitution: 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs Legal System: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive Branch:

Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth 11, represented by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson

Head of Government: Prime Minister Paul Martin (since 12 December 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLeHaa (since 12 December 2003) Elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; Governor General appointed by the monarch on the. advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative-elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the governor general Legislative Branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its normal limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve for up to five-year terms) Making Laws

Prime ministers have had a very important role in writing and changing the Constitution. Sir John A. Macdonald was one of the men who wrote Canada's Constitution, and then became Canada's first prime minister. The power to change it stayed in England until Pierre Trudeau brought the Constitution home to Canada. Canada has changed a lot since the country first came into being. It has grown from four provinces to ten, with three territories. When Macdonald was prime minister, Canada was mainly farms and forests. Now Canada has big cities and factories as well, and is one of the most advanced countries in the world.

 

ECONOMY Exports - Commodities: motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum Imports - Commodities: machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods Currency: Canadian dollar.