Raw materials of chemical industry , the relationship of environmental

1. Raw materials of chemical industry , the relationship of environmental

 Raw materials of chemical industry is differentiated according to the natural and economic characteristics of individual countries and regions. In some areas - coal, coke oven gas , others - oil, oil associated gas, salt, pyrite , gas ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, in the third - salt and so on.

Raw factor affects the specialization territorial combinations of chemical production . Chemical production in the improvement of technological methods may in turn affect the resource base .

Chemical industry is associated with many branches. It is combined with refining , coking coal, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy , timber industry .

Critical to accommodate chemical industries with raw materials , fuel and energy , and consumer factors. Raw materials for the chemical industry is critical, its share in the cost of finished products varies from 45 to 90%. For example , the cost of raw materials per 1 ton of caprolactam is 8 tons of acetylene - 4,5, -5,5 ammonia from coke etc.

Specific fuel feedstock unit than observed in soda, nitrogen fertilizer industries in the production of synthetic rubber , plastics and other products. In industry, chemicals for the same product just takes a few commodities .

In the chemical industry than in other industries use water. To produce 1 ton of fibers to 25 times more water than the melting one ton of iron and ten times greater than for melting 1 ton of copper, lead or zinc. Overall rates of consumption of water in the chemical industry range from 50 m3 in the production of chlorine and soda - up to 6000 m3 in the production of synthetic fibers.

Factor vodomistkosti very limited choice when placing the chemical industry . This is even more important that a lot of raw materials found in shallow areas.

In many industries, the chemical industry there is a high demand for fuel and energy. For example, for the production of synthetic rubber based on acetylene to 15 thousand kilowatt-hours , and phosphorus - d ' 20 thousand kWh per 1 ton of product. The production of many kinds of synthetic products absorbed heat - steam. So very often chemical production oriented only on fuel and energy factor.

2. Chemical Industry and problems of environment

Chemical pollution - solid, gaseous and liquid substances , chemical elements and compounds of synthetic origin, coming - the biosphere , disrupting the established nature of the cycle of matter and energy .

The most common harmful gas pollutants are: sulfur oxides (sulfur ) - SO2, SO3; hydrogen sulfide ( H2S ), carbon disulfide ( SS2 ), nitrogen oxides (nitrogen ) - Nox; benzpyrene , ammonia , chlorine , fluorine compounds , hydrogen sulfide , hydrocarbons , synthetic surfactants active substances , carcinogens , heavy metals , oxides of carbon ( carbon) - CO, CO2.

By the end of the XX century. pollution waste , emissions, waste water of all types of industrial production , agriculture , municipal cities became global and put humanity on the brink of ecological disaster.

Modern life, which largely changed due to the widespread use of chemicals , has become a dangerous source of pollution of the biosphere. Household waste contains a significant amount of synthetic or artificial substances that are not digested in nature. So long withdrawn from natural geochemical cycles. Burning waste is often impossible because the environment is contaminated by toxic combustion products (soot , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine compounds , hydrochloric acid , etc.). So there landfill waste tire covers and plastic packaging. These dumps are good ecological niches for rats and associated with them microorganisms.

Not excluded and cases of fires which can turn entire neighborhoods into a zone of ecological disaster (reduced transparency of the atmosphere , toxic products of combustion , etc.). So acute is the problem of the polymers in vivo self-destructive and fast return to normal geochemical cycle. Another group includes production of chemical warfare agents , medicines and plant protection products as a synthesis of biologically active substances.

First of all significant risks associated with the manufacturing process , since the staff is constantly working in an atmosphere of high concentration of these substances. Significant complexity temperature " associated with the storage , and is now the" it turned out , and the destruction of chemical warfare agents . Chemical pesticides or chemicals designed specifically for spraying in the biosphere.

The total amount of these poisons can hardly be called as constantly produced new and old production stops , which were too hazardous to practice or have already adapted to the types of pests against which they are used . But some of them have already exceeded 1000 compounds , primarily chlorine , phosphorus , arsenic and rtutorganicheskie .

Yes hydrocarbons entering the atmosphere and burning fuel and the petroleum industry , and the gas production industry.

Sources of pollutants varied and numerous types of waste and the nature of their impact on the components of the biosphere. Biosphere contaminated solid waste , gas emissions and wastewater metallurgical, machine-building and metal-working factories. Cause great harm to water resources, wastewater pulp and paper, food , wood , petrochemical industry. Development of road transport has led to pollution of cities and transportation routes with heavy metals and toxic hydrocarbons and permanent the increase in shipping caused almost universal pollution of the seas and oceans of oil. The massive use of fertilizers and pesticides has led to toxic chemicals in the atmosphere, soils and natural waters, pollution of nutrients ponds, streams and agricultural products (nitrates , pesticides , etc.). When mining developments on the earth extracted millions of tons of different , often phytotoxic rocks , forming heaps and heaps that dusty and burning. In the operation of chemical plants and power plants also produced large amounts of solid waste ( calcine , slag , ash , etc. ) that are stored in large areas to commit a negative impact on the atmosphere , surface and ground water, soil cover ( pyluvannya , allocation gases , etc.).

On the territory of Ukraine is 877 chemically hazardous facilities and 287 000 objects used in the manufacture poisonous substances or their derivatives ( in 140 cities and 46 towns ). The increase chemical production also led to the growth of the industrial wastes that are hazardous to the environment and people.

Chemical- technological transformation of nature by man , along with changing landscapes and mechanical structure of the crust is the main means of negative impact on the biosphere. Therefore there is a need to analyze the chemical and technological activities of mankind: identifying its historical and cultural forms, proportions and structure.Chemical activities of mankind is very diverse and accompanies him almost from the first steps znaryadiynoyi practice. Indeed, chemical processing nature is an essential feature of all living things.

Conclusions

1791 Frenchman Leblanc was offered a cheap way to manufacture soda from available raw materials (rock salt , coal, limestone). This year is the date of occurrence and chemical industries. Soda production largely determined the chemical structure of the XIX century. In the second half of the XIX century began the first production of plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber. The development of chemistry and chemical engineering ( catalysis, electrolysis, electric furnace ) significantly changed the structure of the chemical industry. By the middle of the XIX century, the chemical industry has focused attention mainly as chemistry on minerals . But this time, the study of organic compounds beginning to attract more attention of chemists .

The beginning of the XX century. marked in the chemical industry great success in the use of atmospheric nitrogen .

The development of industry chemicals and petrochemicals led to a significant increase in demand for chlorine because chlorine is still indispensable stage of many processes .

Chemical Industry of industrial inorganic substances (soda , sulfuric acid , hydrochloric acid , then the production of fertilizers) turned largely on the industry of petrochemical synthesis. This process is accompanied by changes in raw materials - first only rock salt , limestone , pyrite, then the Chilean nitrate, phosphate , potassium salt. Chemical pollution - solid, gaseous and liquid substances , chemical elements and compounds of synthetic origin, coming - the biosphere , disrupting the established nature of the cycle of matter and energy .

By the end of the XX century. pollution waste , emissions, waste water of all types of industrial production , agriculture , municipal cities became global and put humanity on the brink of ecological disaster.

Sources of pollutants varied and numerous types of waste and the nature of their impact on the components of the biosphere. Chemical- technological transformation of nature by man , along with changing landscapes and mechanical structure of the crust is the main means of negative impact on the biosphere. Therefore there is a need to analyze the chemical and technological activities of mankind: identifying its historical and cultural forms, proportions and structure.