The main features of majority systems are as follows:
Based on the principle that an elected representative
should be elected only if she or he has the support of more than half
of the voters.
May require preferential voting or more than one
round of voting if there are more than two candidates, or a natural
majority does not exist.
Candidates are elected with a majority (i.e. more
than 50%) of votes cast.
Main models include: Alternative Vote; Two-Round
Vote.
Proportional System
Proportional representation is the general name for
a class of voting systems that attempt to make the percentage of offices
awarded to candidates reflect as closely as possible the percentage
of votes that they received in the election. It is the most widely used
set of electoral systems in the world, and its variants can be found
at some level of government in almost every country (including the United
States, where some city councils are elected using forms of PR).
The main features of Proportional Representation
(PR) systems are as follows:
Based on the assumption that parties are the real
contestants and the principle that their seat shares should accurately
reflect their vote shares
Requires multi-member districts (the bigger the more
proportional the final result can be)
Counting and seat determination processes are generally
complex and not immediately transparent
Candidates are elected based on the total percentage
of votes cast for their party.
Main models include: List; Mixed Member Proportional;
Single Transferable Vote; Single Non-Transferable Vote; Parallel.
The peculiarities of a Unitarian
State
A unitary state is a state governed as one single unit in which the central government is supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. The great majority of states in the world have
a unitary system of government.
Unitary states are contrasted with federal states (federations) and confederal states (confederation):
In a unitary state, subnational units are created
and abolished and their powers may be broadened and narrowed, by the
central government. Although political power in unitary states may be delegated through devolution to local government by statute, the central government remains supreme; it may abrogate
the acts of devolved governments or curtail their powers.
Political System Of Italy
The politics of Italy is conducted through a parliamentary, democratic republic with a multi-party
system. Italy has been a democratic republic since
June 2, 1946, when the monarchy was abolished by popular referendum (see Italian constitutional
referendum, 1946). The constitution was written by theConstituent
Assembly of Italy and promulgated on January 1, 1948.
The executive
power is exercised collectively by the Council of
Ministers, which is led by the Prime Minister, officially referred to as President
of the Council ("Presidente del Consiglio"). Legislative
power is vested in the two houses ofparliament primarily, and secondarily on the
Council of Ministers, which can introduce bills and holds the majority
in the parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and
the legislative branches. It is headed by the High Council of the Judiciary.
The President is the head of state, though his position is separate
from all branches.
The President of the Republic is
elected for seven years by Parliament in joint session, together with
three representatives of each region, except for the Aosta Valley, which
gets only one representative.
President Giorgio Napolitanowas elected
on 10 May 2006.
Party changes were sweeping. The
Christian Democratic party dissolved; the Italian People's Party and
the Christian Democratic Center emerged. Other major parties, such as
the Socialists, saw support plummet. A new liberal movement, Forza Italia, gained wide support among moderate
voters. The Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance) broke from the
(alleged neo-fascist) Italian Social
Movement (MSI). A trend toward two large coalitions
(one on the center-left and the other on the center-right) emerged from
the April 1995 regional elections. For the 1996 national elections,
the center-left parties created the Olive Treecoalition while the center-right
united again under the House of Freedoms. These coalitions continued into
the 2001 and 2006 national elections.
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
There are six essential principles that ensure that
the democratic process is upheld in any organization.
All members are equal—they have equal rights and responsibilities.
The organization is run with impartiality and fairness. The rules are applied equally and fairly to all
and not just a few. There is no favored group within the organization
will get preferential treatment or who considers itself above the law.
Ideas come from the members and are presented to
the assembly to decide upon. Everyone gets the right to present ideas,
speak to these ideas, and vote on the ideas, not just a select group...
The majority rules but the rights of the minority
and absent members are protected.
Everything is accomplished in the spirit of openness,
not secrecy. Members have the right to know what is going on within
the organization by attending meetings, inspecting the official records
and receiving notices and reports form committees, officers, and boards.
Leaders come from the people through an election
process which is fair and not slanted so a favored group can control
the organization. When a leader’s term of office ends, he or she returns to the people. A hierarchy of power doesn’t exist; it is shared equally. All members have the right to be considered for
office.
Political System of Japan
The politics of Japan is conducted in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy where the Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and the head of the Cabinet that directs the executive branch. Legislative power is vested in the Diet, which consists of the House of Representatives and the House of
Councillors. Japanese politics encompasses the multi-party system. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts. In academic studies, Japan is generally considered
a constitutional monarchy with a system of civil law.
The Constitution of Japan defines the emperor[1] to be "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people."
He performs ceremonial duties and holds no real power, not even emergency reserve powers. Political power is held mainly by the Prime Minister and other elected
members of the Diet. The Imperial Throne is succeeded by a member of the Imperial House of Japan as designated by the law. Sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people by the constitution. Though his official status is disputed, on diplomatic
occasions the emperor tends to behave as the head of state (with widespread public support).
The chief of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, is appointed by the Emperor as directed by the Diet. He must be
a member of either house of the Diet and a civilian. The Cabinet members are nominated by the Prime Minister, and they must also be
civilian. Since the Liberal Democratic Party (the LDP) was in power, it has been convention that the President
of the party serves as the prime minister.
The Cabinet is composed of Prime Minister and ministers of state,
and is responsible to the Diet. The Prime Minister has the power to
appoint and remove the ministers, a majority of whom must be the Diet
members. The liberal conservative LDP was in power from 1955 to 2009, except for a very short-lived coalition government formed from the likeminded opposition parties in 1993; the largest
opposition party was the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan in the late 1990s and late 2000s.
The Emperor of Japan is the ceremonial monarch in the Japanese constitutional monarchy and is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. According to the Japan's 1947 constitution, which dissolved the
Empire of Japan, he is "the symbol of the state and of the unity
of the people." The current emperor is Emperor Akihito. The emperor has the following nominal powers according to the Japanese
Constitution’s Article 6 and 7:
to appoint Prime Minister as designated by the Diet
to appoint the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
as designated by the Cabinet
to promulgate constitution, laws, government orders,
and treaties with the advice and approval of the Cabinet
to convoke the Diet with the advice and approval
of the Cabinet
to dissolve the House of Representatives with the
advice and approval of the Cabinet
to proclaim the general election of the Diet with
the advice and approval of the Cabinet
to attest Ministers of State with the advice and
approval of the Cabinet
to grant pardon with the advice and approval of the
Cabinet
to award honors with the advice and approval of the
Cabinet
to receive foreign ambassadors with the advice and
approval of the Cabinet
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What kind of political Institutions
you know
Political institutions are organizations
which create, enforce, and apply laws; that mediate conflict; make (governmental)
policy on the economy and social systems; and otherwise provide representation
for the populous. Examples of such political institutions include political
parties, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term 'Political Institutions'
may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within
which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the
right to vote, responsible government, and accountability.
Basic Types of Institutions Rule-making Rule-applying/enforcing Rule adjudicating
What means the
term dictatorship
A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic or authoritarian form of government in which a government is ruled by either an individual: a dictator, or an authoritarian party, as in an oligarchy. It has three possible meanings:
A Roman dictator was the incumbent of a political office of legislate
of the Roman Republic. Roman dictators were allocated absolute power during
times of emergency. Their power was originally neither arbitrary nor
unaccountable, being subject to law and requiring retrospective justification. There
were no such dictatorships after the beginning of the 2nd century BC,
and later dictators such as Sulla and the Roman Emperors exercised power much more personally and arbitrarily
A government controlled by one person, or a small group
of people. In this form of government the power rests entirely
on the person or group of people, and can be obtained by force or by
inheritance. The dictator(s) may also take away much of its peoples'
freedom.
In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an
autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law, constitutions, or other social and political factors within the
state.
Political System
of Brazil
The politics of Brazil take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The political and administrative organization of Brazil comprises the federal government, the states, the federal district and themunicipalities.
The federal government exercises control over the central government and is divided into three independent branches: executive, legislative
and judicial. Executive power is exercised by the President, advised by a cabinet. Legislative power is vested upon the National Congress, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Federal Senate and theChamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Federal Court, theSuperior Court of Justice and other Superior Courts, the National Justice Council and the Regional Federal Courts.
The states are autonomous sub-national entities with their own constitutions and governments that, together with the other federal units, form
the Federative Republic of Brazil. Currently, Brazil is divided politically
and administratively into 27 federal units, being 26 states and one
federal district. The executive power is exercised by a governor elected to a four-year term. The judiciary is exercised by courts
of first and second instance addressing the common justice. Each State
has a unicameral legislature with deputies who vote state laws. The Constitution of Brazil knows
also two elements of direct democracy, stated in Article 14.[1] The legislative assemblies supervise the activities of the Executive
power of the states and municipalities.
The municipalities are minor federal units of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Each
municipality has an autonomouslocal government, comprising a mayor, directly elected by the people to a four-year term, and a legislative
body, also directly elected by the people.
Due to a mix of proportional voting (the only first-past-the-post elections are for the 1/3 of senate seats every 8 years and for mayors
in small and medium-sized cities every 4 years), the lack of election threshold and the cultural aspects of Latin American caudillismo-coronelismo,
party politics in Brazil tends to be highly fragmented.
According to sociologist Marcelo Ridenti, Brazilian politics is divided
between internationalist liberals and statist nationalists.[2] The first group consists of politicians arguing that internationalization
of the economy is essential for the development of the country, while the latter
rely on interventionism, and protection of state enterprises.[2] According to Ridenti, who cites theFernando Henrique Cardoso administration as an example of the first group and the Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration as an example of the second, "we have it cyclically".[2]
Lula's Workers' Party tended to the statist nationalist side, although there are privatizing forces within his party and government, while Cardoso's Social Democratic Party tended to favor the international private market side by taking neoliberal policies.[2] Lula compares himself with Getúlio Vargas, Juscelino Kubitscheck and João Goulart, presidents seen as statist nationalists.[3]
As of November 2010, 13.8 million Brazilians were affiliated with
a political party.[4] That accounts for 7.3% of the country's population and 10.2% of voters.[5] The largest parties are PMDB (which accounts for 16.6% of affiliated voters), the Workers' Party
(10.0% of affiliated voters), and PP (9.8% of affiliated voters).[4]
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What means the term State
State commonly refers to either the present condition
of a system or entity, or to a governed entity (such as a country) or
sub-entity (such as an autonomous territory of a country).
State (polity), an organized political community, living under
a government
Sovereign state, a sovereign political entity in public international
law; a society having exclusive domain over a territory
"State", in some contexts virtually synonymous
with "government", e.g., to distinguish state (government) from
private schools
Nation state, a state which coincides with a nation
Federated state, a political entity forming part of a federal sovereign
state such as the USA, Australia, India and Brazil
What is the difference between
totalitarism and authoritarism
1.An authoritarian regime has one ruler, a leader or a committee,
the same as a totalitarian, only in an extreme way.
2.The totalitarian has charisma over his people while the authoritarian
imposes fear over those who oppose and rewards those that are loyal
to him.
3.The totalitarian is more of a divine ideologist who will save the
people, while the authoritarian is focused more on control and status
quo as an individualist.
4.The totalitarian uses his prophetic leadership to drive the people,
while the authoritarian uses political parties, mass organizations,
and other propagandas to make the people follow him.
Politics of Mexico
The Politics of Mexico take place in a framework of a federal presidential representative democratic republic whose government is based on acongressional system, whereby the president of Mexico is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. The federal government represents the United Mexican States and is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judicial,
as established by the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States,
published in 1917. The constituent states of the federation must also have a republican form of government based
on a congressional system as established by their respective constitutions.
The executive power is exercised by the executive branch, which is headed by the President,
advised by a cabinet of secretaries that are independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested upon the Congress of the Union, a two-chamber legislature comprising the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Judicial power is exercised by the judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation,
the Council of the Federal Judiciary and the collegiate, unitary and
district tribunals.
The politics of Mexico are dominated by three political parties: National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)
andInstitutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
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Types of Political System
When we speak of political systems, it’s difficult to determine
what the most common types are. After all, many political systems are
similar, or have similar roots. Many countries actually have republics
of some kind — variants of democracy. As you study political science,
it can be helpful to understand some of the most common types of political
systems from around the world.
Understanding different political systems is important. Each political
system has its advantages and disadvantages. It is worth considering
the merits of other political systems, and perhaps incorporating some
of the ideas into your own system. Some of the five more common political
systems around the world include:
Democracy
Republic
Monarchy
Communism
Dictatorship
Here are some overviews of these five fairly recognizable
political systems:
1. Democracy
We often hear the United States referred to as a
democracy. Indeed, many refer to the U.S. as a representative democracy.
A democracy in a more traditional sense is a political system that allows
for each individual to participate. There are two rather popular types
of democracy:
Direct Democracy: Many scholars point to Athens as an example of direct democracy. Technically, every citizen has an equal say in
the workings of government. (The qualifications for being considered
a citizen are completely different.) Citizens could show up at a meeting,
and then directly participate in the governing process, and the process
of making laws.