General description and history of Orenburg

 

 

CONTENTS

INTRADUCTION……………………………………………….. …….. 3

1.General description and history of Orenburg……………………….5

  1.1 The climate and geographical location of Orenburg…………….5

  1.2 History of Orenburg……………………………………………...7

          2. Tour of Main Street Sovetskay in Orenburg……………………...10

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction

Tourism is traveling for predominantly recreational or leisure purposes or the provision of services to support this leisure travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited". Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 2004, there were over 763 million international tourist arrivals.

Tourism is vital for many countries, due to the income generated by the consumption of goods and services by tourists, the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry, and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services such as cruise ships and taxis, accommodation such as hotels, restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues, and other hospitality industry services such as spas and resorts.

Definition

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist in 1910, who defined it as, "bob total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."

Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981 International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.

The United Nations classified three forms of tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics: Domestic tourism, which involves residents of the given country traveling only within this country; Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country; and Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.

The UN also derived different categories of tourism by combining the 3 basic forms of tourism: Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism; National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism; and International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism.

Infrasound tourism is a term coined by the Korea Tourism Organization and widely accepted in Korea. Infrasound tourism differs from domestic tourism in that the former encompasses policy-making and implementation of national tourism policies.

Before people are able to experience tourism they usually need disposable income (i.e. money to spend on non-essentials); time off from work or other responsibilities; leisure time tourism infrastructure, such as transport and accommodation; and legal clearance to travel.

Individually, sufficient health is also a condition, and of course the inclination to travel. Furthermore, in some countries there are legal restrictions on travelling, especially abroad. Certain states with strong governmental control over the lives of citizens (notably established Communist states) may restrict foreign travel only to trustworthy citizens.

Orenburg is a beautiful city with an interesting history, rich tourism potential. It is a beautiful city, which is due to visit each.

Objective: tourist potential of the Orenburg

 

 

 

 

1. General description and history of Orenburg

 

  1.1 The climate and geographical location of Orenburg.

Orenburg - the administrative center of Orenburg region of Russia, located on the Ural River, near the confluence of the rivers Sakmara. The city population is more than half a million people. In the city the two administrative districts - North, which includes the industrial areas and Dzerzhinsky, and the South, consisting of Lenin and the Central regions. Depending on the purpose of your visit, you can rent an apartment in the required ray one. City has a tremendous history and heritage of the stores in its many monuments. Orenburg Oblast Drama Theatre named after A. Bitter - the oldest theater of the city, founded in the late XIX century.

 

In the house of the merchant Enikutseva, an architectural monument of the XIX century is the Orenburg Regional Museum, just one of the oldest in Russia. Among the rarities - a genuine death mask from the face of A. Pushkin and Pugachev's army gun, ladies table of the Imperial Palace in the beginning of the XIX and other exhibits. Is known and the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts, in which a collection of 8,000 exhibits, including a collection of ancient Russian art, Russian, Soviet and Western European art from the end of the XVI century, including paintings, drawings, sculpture and decorative arts. Museum of the History of Orenburg consists of nine stationary exhibits that tell the history of the city since ancient times. Memorial Museum and guardhouse of Taras Shevchenko, the Ukrainian and Russian poet and prose writer, artist, was unveiled in honor of its 175th anniversary. It should also visit the Museum-apartment of Gagarin, the exposition of which are things true of family belongings of the first cosmonaut, as well as items brought from Star City: Space food, clothing and souvenirs the astronauts, and the Museum-apartment of the family of Rostropovich.

Quay, a monument to Chkalov, suspended pedestrian bridge has long been the hallmark of Orenburg. There is also a miniature railway station children's railway, which is c 1953 serving children. One of the oldest in the Air Force school in Orenburg is former Orenburg Flying School, where he studied Yuri Gagarin. Wins on the prospect is the House of Memory, which is a continuation of the eternal fire. The memory of the heroic labor of Orenburg in the Great Patriotic War Memorial holds a victory salute!

Believers have to visit the St. Nicholas Cathedral on Chkalov Street. The cathedral is kept most holy - Tabynsk icon of the Mother of God. For people who practice Islam, was built a caravanserai, a complex which includes the main building, a mosque and minaret.

The area of ​​the Orenburg region of 123,700 km ², according to this index it occupies 29th place in Russia. The territory covers the southeastern outskirts of the East European Plain, the southern tip of the Urals and the southern Urals. The length of the field from east to west is 755 km from north to south - 425 km. The total length of 3,700 km border. The entire western border of the Orenburg region accounts for the Samara region. In the northwest region bordering with Tatarstan. The northern boundary of the river ick up the Ural River bends around Bashkortostan. In the north-eastern region borders with the Chelyabinsk region. The rest of the boundary length of 1670 km, east and south - is on three areas of Kazakhstan: Kustanai, Aktobe and West Kazakhstan. Existing limits established December 7, 1934. Also located in the region of Orenburg Reserve.

Climate

The climate is characterized by continental Orenburg region, due to the remoteness of large areas of the oceans and seas. An indicator of continental climate is the large amplitude oscillations of average air temperatures, which in the Orenburg region reaches 34-38 degrees Celsius. In connection with this insufficiency of rainfall, the annual amount of which varies from 450 mm in the northwest to 350 mm in the south and south-east region. About 60-70% of the annual amount of precipitation falls in the warm period. The duration of occurrence of snow cover ranges from 135 days in the south to 154 days in the north. The depth of soil freezing varies from 170 cm to the north-west to 200 cm in the east.

Relief

Half of the area occupied by arable land, 38% - grasslands, 5% - forests, 7% - other lands. In the Orenburg steppe landscapes are part of Russia, Volga steppes, and Turgay, forested lowlands of the Southern Urals, pine and birch forest-steppe of Western Siberia.

 

1.2 History of Orenburg

Orenburg was founded 19 (30) in April 1743. Prior to that he was twice laid elsewhere. The first time a special expedition, called in order to ensure secrecy "known" laid Orenburg at the confluence of the rivers in the Oph Yaik August 31, 1735. The chief proponent of a development region, the chief secretary of the Senate of the IK Kirilov. City for various reasons were not immediately build, but for some time called Orenburg small fort, laid by August 15, and was intended to cover the future of the city from the east. From this fortress city of Orsk later appeared, now is the so-called "old town". In 1737 an expedition was renamed the Orenburg Commission, chief of which, in connection with the death of IK Kirilov, was appointed a well-known administrative and scientist V.N. Tatishchev. He came to the conclusion that the location for the administrative center of the edge is not convenient because it is too far and "everything necessary to get back to the residence compelled with great difficulty and high cost," also turned out that the great flood of the area is filled. In his presentation, but in his absence, in 1739 began preparations for the construction of a tract of Orenburg Krasnogor, August 6, 1741 laid it produced some of the work, but the building did not start because of a dispute between the engineers of the need to change the location of some of the city. The new head of the commission, Admiral and Privy Councillor, II Neplyuev, who arrived in the spring of 1742 at the place of service, found the location of the town of Red Mountain inappropriate, and in the summer of 1742 has chosen what is now the historic center of Orenburg. History has confirmed the correctness of this choice. More than two and a half centuries later, Orenburg is the administrative and economic center of a vast territory.

It was built as a fortress, a stronghold of the line of fortresses on the Yaik, Samara, and Sakmar, guarding the south-eastern border of Russia. At the same time the city was to serve as a center of economic and economic dialogue with the peoples of the East, which in the first place, implied trade. Therefore, the city was a military and commercial character: there are barracks and artillery yard, and the powder magazines, and military institutions, living and exchange yards, customs.

The town and fort were built simultaneously. Enceinte - earthworks - in terms of representing an oval with protruding out of it by ten bastions and two polubastionami. Val began on the waterfront, where the instrument is now established as a memorial to the defense during the Civil Orenburg war. He walked toward the uditse Burzyantseva, making crossing the street outside the fortress of Maxim Gorky, and down the street and its geometric Burzyantseva continue to the stadium " Dynamo, "Bread Lane crossing near the house and two outside Volodarsky at the intersection with the street on January 9. Then the shaft was Volodarsky Street north to Komsomolskaya, where, changing direction to the east, then south-east, passed north of the alley to the street medical student, through agricultural academy and gradually turning to the south and ends at the water treatment plant. Such were the limits of the city in laying this same area known as the city itself up to the abolition of the fortress in 1862.

Center is largely preserved intact old layout, which in itself is unique and is a monument of Russian urban development on regular principles. The plan is based on two mutually perpendicular axes of the central square at their intersection, some of which are built up, and the other is Lenin's garden. On these axes was built almost resting on an oval fortress rectangle whose streets were rokadnoe value. The remaining street network designed so that streets, crossing the city from the north to south and from east to west, is not enough. This method would help to strengthen the defenses of the fortress in the case of a breach in the city. Most of the streets did not reach the center and the main axial streets. When the project is drawn up, such streets, with their geometric position is understood as one, and the name of one mended, respectively.

Concurrent use of two names - a common phenomenon when renaming, but there are cases when an official used a number of the people: the main street is often called the Great. In Orenburg, the so-called modern Soviet, then provincial, in the second quarter of the XIX century, renamed Nicholas. In Orenburg, as an example, when the popular name is gaining ground and it becomes official. This applies to the street, named after Maxim Gorky, and before that called water. In the early years of the city is officially called the road, and then, in 1760 - Yaitsky at the gate, is on its western end, which passed the crossing. Near the gate of the shaft through the large pipe was built to drain water from the fortress. In terms of 1951 gates bear the names of Yaik, and the text annexed to the plan, said: "guard the water gate." So in an official document appears the word "water". After the Peasants' War of 1773-1775. in connection with renaming Yaik 15 (26) January 1775 street and the gate began to refer to the Ural. But the popular name Water continues to live and displaces official. In terms of 1836 have already read, "Ural, or the Water", and later the street everywhere is just Water. In fact the name is very apt, and not because they are smuggled out of the river water (it can be to carry through the western gate, and if it is delivered to the northern half of the city), but because they are rushing streams of melted snow and rain water from most of the city: because the gate was the lowest place in the fortress, and the street was lower than the other. This is probably the reason that Water Street was the first and for a long times the only paved street.

 

 

 

 

 2. Tour of Main Street Sovetskay in Orenburg.

The theme of our tour is the history of the most important streets of the city of Orenburg - Sovetskoi shown by monuments, namely, homes, buildings and streets of the main monument, each of which has its own history, its memory and its exceptional appearance.

The tour starts with such historical - cultural objects such as watches guardhouse, gates and Elizavetenskih Chkalov monument. Next trip will take place down the street from the Soviet of the Sovetskoi 1 and ending with a 48.

The attention of tourists will be sent to the following sights are:

Elizavetenskie gate. Once against the Treasury Chamber (Sovetskaya 2) had a very interesting structure in the form of the gate. From them began the descent to the Urals. Now the gate - a piece of city history – razed.

Chkalov Monument. Previously on the site of the monument Chkalov, stood an obelisk with a gilded ball on top. Installed it in gratitude to the Emperor Alexander 1, liberated in 1822 from the Orenburg military billeting. Now, the obelisk is one of the grandest monuments of Orenburg - a monument to Valery Chkalov. The bronze sculpture of six meters on seven-meter pedestal stands on the banks of the Urals.

Watch the guardhouse. On the waterfront of the Urals, at the entrance to Belovku, is a building, which many call "fortress." But this is not a fortress. The building was built in 1856, when Governor-General of the graph, VA Perovsky and was originally intended to hold the governor-general of the archive and securities, but has been adapted for the brig. In addition to original architecture, the guardhouse is interesting for its tower, the tower is not so much how much history connected to the clock, once installed on it.

Sovetskaya, 1 - The first high-rise building. It was built before the revolution and was the first high-rise in our city. The building was constructed in 1871-1874 years. in a barracks-style for the second Orenburg Cadet Corps. In 1927 he was transferred here Serpukhov School of Air Combat (the most famous of which was a graduate of  Chkalov).

The Sovetkaya 2 - Former home of the governor-general. At the intersection of the Soviet and the Embankment is a building that was meant for the military governor of Orenburg. In its walls there were many famous people, famous not only the Orenburg region, but also Russia. This is where the "beating heart" of historic Orenburg. The building was built in 1840 as the Governor's Palace. In 1851, after it was formed by the Orenburg governor-general (the first took the post Perovskii V.A.), is housed the Office of the Governor-General. In 1920-1925,. were in the building of the Communist Party and Council of People's Commissars of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR, later - the various agencies now - Institute for Advanced Studies.

Sovetskaya 3. The house at this location - the former building ordonansgauza (komendatskogo control). In 1827 there were detained followers of the Decembrists, V.P. Kolesnikov, D.P. Tapikov and others. In 1847 they brought here the great Ukrainian poet - Taras Shevchenko. April 5, 1847 he was arrested in Kiev and has already sent May 30 from St. Petersburg. In 1883 ordonansgauze contained in the great Russian revolutionary democrat Nikolai Chernyshevsky, when he forwarded to step out of Siberia in Astrakhan. Later, the city authority for the detention found a different place, and this is August 27, 1868 was passed to organize the first trade school in the city, then - College of Agriculture.

Soviet 4. The house is one of the oldest buildings in our city - it was built in 1753 godu.V this house in 1753-1767 years. Researcher lived Orenburg region, "Orenburg Columbus" - Peter Ivanovich Rychkov.

Sovetskaya 5. Office of the Commandant of the fortress. The building was built in 1840 in classical style. First, in place of the wooden building stood. The building had a large balcony with metal railing. Currently, this house.

The Sovetskaya 6. Part of the building occupied by the Academy of Medical Lutheran Church. It was built in 1772, rebuilt twice. The central part of the church stood a low tier with five windows.

The Sovetskaya 7. The building was built in the Moorish style of the mid-XIX century. Here (and in the next building, the Sovetskay 9) located Boundary Commission (agency to deal with cases related to the Kazakh steppe, and its population). In 1889 here was translated from the Russian-Kyrgyz Orsk school. Currently, this building is located MSS "The main secondary school № 3".

The Sovetskaya 10. In this house was born Aksel Ivanovich Berg (1893-1979) - scientist and radio engineer, Academician, Engineer Admiral.

The Sovetskaya 11th and 13th. In place of houses number 11 and 13 was the first hotel in Orenburg, it was built at a time when just erected a fortress, now would say that it had 5 rooms. The present building was built in 1939.

The Sovetskaya 12. The building is located district school, the house was bought for the school in 1835 and slightly reconstructed.

The Sovetskaya 14. A house with an attic, it housed the military governor of the board, it occupied the entire end of the quarter (this could go Pushkin). The present building was built in 1939.

The Sovetskaya 16. It was located in the eighteenth century, "the police Gradskaya"

The Sovetskaya 17. An architectural monument of the XIX century, built by architect Konstantin Tone. In the 50s of the XIX century in his first scene in the city staged amateur theatricals, and the fall of 1856 began performing professional troupe. In 1919, the club is located in a building named after JM Sverdlov, where in 1920 the founding congress of the Soviets took the edge of the Kirghiz, Kirghiz SSR created (the original name of the Kazakh SSR). The city of Orenburg became the capital of the republic.

The Sovetskaya 18th and 19th. The Soviet 18 - House guest house gymnasium. The Soviet 19 - House gymnasium. Now - Building Pedagogical University.

The Sovetskaya 20. House Merchant Chistozvonova. Legend has it that the merchant Chistozvonova was a very beautiful wife. And he, being very jealous, kept his wife locked up, not let out. Therefore, in the courtyard of his house he had built a magnificent garden.

The Sovetskaya 22. Manor Yegor Ivanovich Ivanov. The building was built in 1876 and is a typical example of the merchant houses built at that time. House gave up on the first floor of a shop (now the library reading room), and in another corner house at first placed by the owner.

Sovetskaya 23.Est in our city an architectural complex - Seating yard. He once held the whole block, bounded by the streets of the Soviet - January 9, Kirov - Pushkin. This is an architectural monument of the 18th century. Guest House in Orenburg in the present location was built in 1750. Its construction was completed in 1754.

The Sovetskaya 24. The building was built in the years 1836-1841 in the style of late classicism. The implication was that there will be a house "for engineering and general management headquarters," and with him the room for the corresponding services, so that formed a small block, now occupied by the school № 30.

The Sovetskaya 25. The territory of the house once occupied private dwellings.

The Sovetskaya 26. This theater - the oldest in the Urals. He began his story of the fall of 1856, then opened the first theater season.

The Sovetskaya 27. The building was built in 1910 in Art Nouveau style. Trading House "Tower" building with the astronomical clock built in 1997. For the "Tower" is located park in the center of which in 2001 was a monument to Pushkin, and Dahl.

The Sovetskaya 28. Chamber of Control. It was built in the late 30's a wine farmer - Mr. Enikutsev. At this point, was the first public house of the city. - A tavern Tverdysheva merchant. In 1852 bought the building for the Office of the perovskite (at this time the house was radically remodeled in the style of the "Russian Empire"), after the abolition of the governor-general, won the Chamber of Control of the building.

The Sovetskaya 30. This house belonged to the wife of one of the civil governors (Perovsky).

The Sovetskaya 32. This house once belonged to Colonel Timashev. Subsequently, he has consistently ruled merchants Ladygin, Khusainov. House built in the mid-seventies of the eighteenth century. From 1920 to 1925, worked here the People's Commissariat of Labor Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSR, the provincial department of labor and trade union organization. Unfortunately, this house burned down. He was recently rebuilt after a fire at the historic drawings and photographs.

The Sovetskaya 36. House Pankratova, the building was built in 1914 in Art Nouveau style.

The Sovetskaya 46. By 1746 there was built for the first customs house, its length was about 29 meters. Around the customs house was not, but it soon appeared near another "outlet", despite the lack of housing near. Obviously with the expectation of the guests, in what is now the shop "Euroset" (and before that the store "Pinocchio"), was built a small house Cossack Luke Masatova to sell wine.